View source for Directory:Dwight D. Eisenhower

MyWikiBiz, Author Your Legacy — Thursday November 14, 2024

← Directory:Dwight D. Eisenhower

You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

• The action you have requested is limited to users in one of the groups: Users, vuser.
• You must confirm your email address before editing pages. Please set and validate your email address through your user preferences.

---

You can view and copy the source of this page.

{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Infobox_President |name=Dwight David Eisenhower|nationality=[[United States]] |image=Dwight D. Eisenhower, official photo portrait, May 29, 1959.jpg |order=34th [[President of the United States]] |term_start=[[January 20]], [[1953]] |term_end=[[January 20]], [[1961]] |predecessor=[[Harry S. Truman]] |successor=[[John F. Kennedy]] |office2=1st [[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] |term_start2=[[April 2]], [[1951]] |term_end2=[[May 30]], [[1952]] |succeeded2=Gen. [[Matthew Ridgway]] |birth_date={{birth date|1890|10|14}} |birth_place=[[Denison, Texas]], [[United States]] |death_date={{death date and age|1969|03|28|1890|10|14}} |death_place=[[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]] |spouse=[[Mamie Eisenhower|Mamie Doud Eisenhower]] |alma_mater=[[United States Military Academy|U.S. Military Academy]]<br />[[West Point, New York]], [[United States]] |occupation=[[Soldier]] |party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |vicepresident=[[Richard Nixon]] |religion=[[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] |signature=Dwight D. Eisenhower signature.png |rank=[[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] |branch=United States Army |serviceyears=1915&ndash;1953, 1961&ndash;1969 |commands=[[Europe]] |battles=[[World War II]] |awards=[[Distinguished Service Medal (Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]] with four oak leaf clusters,<br>[[Legion of Merit]],<br>[[Order of the Bath]],<br>[[Order of Merit]],<br>[[Légion d'honneur|Legion of Honor]]<br>(partial list) |}} '''Dwight David Eisenhower''', born '''David Dwight Eisenhower''' ([[October 14]], [[1890]] – [[March 28]], [[1969]]), nicknamed "'''Ike'''", was a [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] (five star general) in the [[United States Army]] and [[Politics of the United States|U.S. politician]], who served as the thirty-fourth [[President of the United States]] (1953–1961). During [[World War II|the Second World War]], he served as [[Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force|Supreme Commander]] of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] in [[Europe]], with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of France]] and [[Drive to the Siegfried Line|Germany]] in 1944-45. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of [[NATO]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-2057/Dwight-D-Eisenhower "Supreme commander"], Encyclopædia Britannica, Dwight D. Eisenhower article, p. 3 of 6. ''URL retrieved on [[January 21]], [[2007]].''</ref> Eisenhower was elected the 34th President as a [[United States Republican Party|Republican]], serving for two terms. As President, he oversaw the cease-fire of the [[Korean War]], kept up the pressure on the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]], made [[Nuclear weapons and the United States|nuclear weapons]] a higher defense priority, launched the [[Space Race]], enlarged the [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] program, and began the [[Interstate Highway System]]. ==Early life and family== [[Image:4-23-2007-17.jpg|thumb|left|Eisenhower family home, Abilene, Kansas (Robert E. Nylund)]] Eisenhower (historically "Eisenhauer") was born '''David Dwight Eisenhower''' in [[Denison, Texas]].<ref>[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/quick_links/DDE_Mamie_general_bio.html "Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower"], Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Center, accessed [[August 7]], [[2007]]</ref> He was the first U.S. President born in Texas. Eisenhower was the third of seven sons born to [[David Jacob Eisenhower]] and [[Ida Elizabeth Stover]]. He was named David Dwight and was called Dwight. Later, the order of his given names was switched (according to the staff at the Eisenhower Library and Museum, the name switch occurred upon Eisenhower's matriculation at [[United States Military Academy|West Point]]). His early ancestor '''Hans Nicolas Eisenhauer''' and his family emigrated from [[Großrosseln|Karlsbrunn]] ([[Saarland]]), Germany to [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]] in 1741. Descendants made their way west. Eisenhower's family settled in [[Abilene, Kansas]] in 1892. David Eisenhower was a college-educated engineer.<ref>Growing up, Ike and his brothers were all very competitive and loved sports. When he was fourteen, Ike received an infection in his leg that threatened to spread to his stomach. It kept him bedridden for months and the doctor recommended amputation. Ike, barely conscious at times, steadfastly refused to have his leg amputated and his family respected his wishes. Ambrose (1983), pp. 13-14</ref> Eisenhower graduated from [[Abilene High School (Abilene, Kansas)|Abilene High School]] in 1909.<ref name="Genealogy">{{cite web |url = http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/Quick_links/Geneology/Doud_Eisenhower_geneaology.html |title = Eisenhower Genealogy |accessdate = 2007-07-12 |publisher = Eisenhower Presidential Center }}</ref> [[Image:Eisenhower with Mamie.jpg|thumb|Eisenhower with his wife Mamie on the steps of [[St. Mary's University, Texas|St. Mary's University]] of [[San Antonio, Texas]] in 1916]] Eisenhower married [[Mamie Eisenhower|Mamie Geneva Doud]] (1896–1979) of [[Denver, Colorado]] on [[July 1]], [[1916]]. The couple had two sons. Doud Dwight Eisenhower was born [[September 24]], [[1917]], and was nicknamed "Icky" by his parents, but died of [[scarlet fever]] on [[January 2]], [[1921]], at the age of three.<ref> Lawrence Berger-Knorr, ''The Pennsylvania Relations of Dwight D. Eisenhower'', p8 </ref> [[John Eisenhower|John Sheldon David Doud Eisenhower]] was born the following year on [[August 3]], [[1922]]; John grew up to serve in the [[United States Army]] (retiring as a brigadier general from the Army reserve), became an author, and served as U.S. Ambassador to [[Belgium]] from 1969 to 1971. John, coincidentally, graduated from West Point on D-Day, June 6, 1944, and was married to Barbara Jean Thompson in a June wedding in 1947. John and Barbara had four children: Dwight David II, Barbara Ann, Susan Elaine and Mary Jean. John's son, [[David Eisenhower|David]], after whom [[Camp David]] is named, married [[Richard Nixon]]'s daughter [[Julie Nixon Eisenhower|Julie]] in 1968. ===Religion=== David Jacob Eisenhower's paternal ancestor immigrated to the United States in 1741 when Hans Nicholas Eisenhauer emigrated from Odenwald, Germany. He was probably of Lutheran or Reformed Protestant practice. Eisenhower's mother, Ida E. Eisenhower, previously a member of the [[River Brethren]] sect of the Mennonites, joined the [[Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society]] (now more commonly known as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]) between 1895 and 1900, when Eisenhower was a child.<ref>{{Citation |last =Smith |first =Gary Scott |author-link = |last2 = |first2 = |author2-link = |date = |year =2006 |title =Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush |edition = |volume = |place = |publisher =Oxford University Press US |id = |isbn =0195300602 |doi = |oclc = |url = |accessdate = }}</ref> The Eisenhower home served as the local meeting hall from 1896 to 1915. Jehovah’s Witnesses are opposed to killing and doctrines such as [[militarism]]. Eisenhower's ties to the group were weakened when he joined the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]] in 1911. By 1915, his parents' home no longer served as the meeting hall. All the men in the household abandoned the Witnesses as adults. Some hid their previous affiliation.<ref>Bergman, Jerry, Ph.D. [[Northwest State Community College]]. "[http://www.premier1.net/~raines/eisenhower.html Why President Eisenhower Hid His Jehovah's Witness Upbringing]". edited version of a paper published in the JW Research Journal, vol. 6, #2, July-Dec., 1999. ''URL retrieved on [[April 29]] [[2007]]''.</ref><ref>[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/listofholdingshtml/listofholdingsJ/jehovahwitnessesabilenecongregation.pdf Eisenhower Library holdings re Jehovah's Witnesses].</ref> At his death in 1942, Eisenhower's father was given [[funeral]] rites as though he remained a Jehovah's Witness. Eisenhower's mother continued as an active Jehovah's Witness until her death. Despite their differences in religious beliefs, Eisenhower enjoyed a close relationship with his mother. Eisenhower was baptized, confirmed, and became a [[Eucharist|communicant]] in the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] Church in a single ceremony on [[February 1]], [[1953]], just 12 days after his first inauguration.<ref name="Trivia">{{cite web |url = http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/quick_links/presidential/Eisenhower_Presidential_trivia.html |title = Eisenhower Became Communicant |accessdate = 2007-07-12 |work = Eisenhower Presidential Trivia |publisher = Eisenhower Presidential Center }}</ref> He is the only president known to have undertaken these rites while in office. Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the words "''under God''" to the [[Pledge of Allegiance]] in 1954, and the 1956 adoption of "''[[In God We Trust]]''" as the [[motto]] of the US, and its 1957 introduction on paper currency. In his retirement years, he was a member of the [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania|Gettysburg]] Presbyterian Church.<ref> [http://www.gettysburg.com/communit/gpc.htm www.gettysburg.com Gettysburg Presbyterian Church]. ''URL retrieved on [[April 29]] [[2007]]''.</ref> The chapel at his presidential library is intentionally inter-denominational. ===Education=== Dwight D. Eisenhower (and his six brothers) attended Abilene High School in Abilene, Kansas; Dwight graduated with the class of 1909.<ref name="Genealogy"/> He then took a job as a night foreman at the Belle Springs Creamery.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839998-3,00.html "Eisenhower: Soldier of Peace"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. [[April 4]], [[1969]]. Page 3 of 10. ''URL retrieved on [[January 5]] [[2007]]''.</ref> After Dwight worked for two years to support his brother Edgar's college education, a friend urged him to apply to the [[United States Naval Academy|Naval Academy]]. Though Eisenhower passed the entrance exam, he was beyond the age of eligibility for admission to the Naval Academy.<ref name="Education">[http://www.dwightdeisenhower.com/biodde.html "Biography: DDE"], Dwight D. Eisenhower Foundation. ''URL retrieved on [[December 21]] [[2006]]''.</ref> Kansas [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Joseph L. Bristow]] recommended Dwight for an appointment to the Military Academy in 1911, which he received.<ref name="Education"/> Eisenhower graduated in the upper half<ref>[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/quick_links/Dwight_Eisenhower_biography/Eisenhower_Timeline_biography.html "Timeline Biography"]. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library. ''URL retrieved on [[December 21]], [[2006]]''.</ref> of the class of 1915.<ref>[http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/ddeisenhower.html "Dwight David Eisenhower"]. Presidents of the United States. Internet Public Library. ''URL retrieved on [[December 21]] [[2006]]''.</ref> ==Early military career== {{see also|Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower}} Eisenhower enrolled at the United States Military Academy at West Point in June 1911. His parents were against militarism, but did not object to his entering West Point because they supported his education. Eisenhower was a strong athlete and enjoyed notable successes in his competitive endeavors. In 1912, a spectacular Eisenhower [[touchdown]] won praise from the sports reporter of the ''[[New York Herald]]'', and he even managed, with the help of a [[linebacker]] teammate, to tackle the legendary [[Jim Thorpe]]. In the very next week, however, his promising sports career ended when he incurred a severe knee injury.<ref>© Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, Washington, D.C., 2005</ref> [[Image:Dwight Eisenhower West Point.JPG|thumb|right|Memorial To Eisenhower at [[West Point]].]] Eisenhower graduated in 1915. He served with the [[infantry]] until 1918 at various camps in [[Texas]] and [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. During [[World War I]], Eisenhower became the #3 leader of the new tank corps and rose to temporary ([[Brevet|Bvt.]]) [[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] in the [[National Army (USA)|National Army]]. He spent the war training tank crews in [[Pennsylvania]] and never saw combat. After the war, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of [[Captain (United States)|captain]] (and was promoted to [[major]] a few days later) before assuming duties at [[Camp Meade]], [[Maryland]], where he remained until 1922. His interest in tank warfare was strengthened by many conversations with [[George S. Patton]] and other senior tank leaders; however their ideas on tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors.<ref>Sixsmith, ibid, p.6</ref> Eisenhower became executive officer to General [[Fox Conner]] in the [[Panama Canal Zone]], where he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including [[Karl von Clausewitz]]'s ''On War''), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking. In 1925-26, he attended the [[Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]], Kansas, and then served as a [[battalion]] commander at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia until 1927. [[Image:EisenhowersatMalecon.jpg|thumb|The Eisenhowers by the Malecón in [[Manila]], Philippines]] During the late 1920s and early 1930s Eisenhower's career in the peacetime Army stagnated; many of his friends resigned for high paying business jobs. He was assigned to the [[American Battle Monuments Commission]], directed by General [[John J. Pershing]], then to the [[Army War College]], and then served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to 1933. He then served as chief military aide to General [[Douglas MacArthur]], Army [[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]], until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the [[Philippines]], where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government. It is sometimes said that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the egos of [[Winston Churchill]], George S. Patton and [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Law Montgomery]] during World War II. Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1936 after sixteen years as a major. He also learned to fly, although he was never rated as a military pilot. He made a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937. Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in 1939 and held a series of staff positions in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[California]] and Texas. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General [[Walter Krueger]], Commander of the 3rd Army, at [[Fort Sam Houston]] in [[San Antonio]], Texas. He was promoted to [[brigadier general]] in September 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command and was far from being considered as a potential commander of major operations. ==World War II== [[Image:American World War II senior military officials, 1945.JPEG|thumb|Eisenhower (seated, middle) with other American military officials, 1945. General Patton is seated second from the left.]] After the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division, General [[Leonard T. Gerow]], and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Then he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of Operations Division under Chief of Staff General [[George C. Marshall]]. It was his close association with Marshall that finally brought Eisenhower to senior command positions. Marshall recognized his great organizational and administrative abilities. In 1942, Eisenhower was appointed Commanding General, [[European Theater of Operations]] (ETOUSA) and was based in [[London]]. In November, he was also appointed [[Supreme Commander Allied (Expeditionary) Force]] of the [[North African Theater of Operations]] (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters [[AFHQ|A(E)FHQ]]. The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the [[British 8th Army]], commanded by General Bernard Law Montgomery. The 8th Army had advanced across the [[Western Desert Campaign|Western Desert]] from the east and was ready for the start of the [[Tunisia Campaign]]. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to be commander of NATOUSA. After the capitulation of [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces in [[North Africa]], Eisenhower remained in command of the renamed [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]] (MTO), keeping the operational title and continued in command of NATOUSA redesignated MTOUSA. In this position he oversaw the [[Operation Husky|invasion of Sicily]] and the [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of the Italian mainland]]. [[Image:Eisenhower d-day.jpg|thumb|left|Eisenhower speaks with U.S. paratroopers of the [[502d Parachute Infantry Regiment]], [[101st Airborne Division]] on the evening of [[June 5]], [[1944]].]] In December 1943, it was announced that Eisenhower would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. In January 1944, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force|Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force]] (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. In these positions he was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied [[Battle of Normandy|assault on the coast of Normandy]] in June 1944 under the code name [[Operation Overlord]], the liberation of western Europe and the invasion of Germany. A month after the Normandy [[D-Day]] landings on [[June 6]], [[1944]], the [[Operation Dragoon|invasion of southern France]] took place, and control of the forces which took part in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. From then until the [[The end of World War II in Europe|end of the War in Europe]] on [[May 8]], [[1945]], Eisenhower through SHAEF had supreme command of all operational Allied forces^[[#Notes|2]], and through his command of ETOUSA, administrative command of all U.S. forces, on the [[Western Front (WWII)#1944 – 1945|Western Front]] north of the [[Alps]]. As recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on [[December 20]], [[1944]], he was promoted to [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] equivalent to the rank of [[Field Marshal]] in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He dealt skillfully with difficult subordinates such as [[Omar Bradley]] and [[George S. Patton|Patton]], and allies such as [[Winston Churchill]], Field Marshal [[Bernard Montgomery]] and General [[Charles de Gaulle]]. He had fundamental disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He negotiated with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Georgy Zhukov|Marshal Zhukov]], and such was the confidence that President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had in him, he sometimes worked directly with [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], much to the chagrin of the British High Command who disliked being bypassed. During the advance towards Berlin, he was notified by General Bradley that Allied forces would suffer an estimated 100,000 casualties before taking the city. The Soviet Army sustained 80,000 casualties during the fighting in and around Berlin, the last large number of casualties suffered in the war against Nazism.<ref>D'Este (2002) pp 694-96; Stephen E. Ambrose, ''Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe'' (2000) </ref> It was never certain that ''[[Operation Overlord]]'' would succeed. The seriousness surrounding the entire decision, including the timing and the location of the Normandy invasion, might be summarized by a second shorter speech that Eisenhower wrote in advance, in case he needed it. In it, he states he would take full responsibility for catastrophic failure, should that be the final result. Long after the successful landings on D-Day and the [[BBC]] broadcast of Eisenhower's brief speech concerning them, the never-used second speech was found in a shirt pocket by an [[Aide-de-camp|aide]]. It read: <blockquote>'''Our landings in the Cherbourg-Havre area have failed to gain a satisfactory foothold and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt, it is mine alone.'''</blockquote> ==Aftermath of World War II== Following the German [[unconditional surrender]] on [[May 8]], [[1945]], Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|U.S. Occupation Zone]], based in [[Frankfurt am Main]]. Germany was divided into four Occupation Zones, one each for the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Upon full discovery of the [[death camp]]s that were part of the [[Final Solution]] ([[the Holocaust|Holocaust]]), he ordered camera crews to comprehensively document evidence of the atrocity for use in the [[German war crimes#World War II|war crime]]s [[tribunal]]s. He made the decision to reclassify German [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] (POWs) in U.S. custody as [[Disarmed Enemy Forces]] (DEFs), thus depriving them of the protection of the [[Geneva convention]]. As DEFs, their food rations could be lowered and they could be compelled to serve as [[unfree labor]] (see ''[[Eisenhower and German POWs]]''). Eisenhower was an early supporter of the [[Morgenthau Plan]] to permanently remove Germany's industrial capacity to wage future wars. In November 1945 he approved the distribution of 1000 free copies of [[Henry Morgenthau, Jr.|Morgenthau]]'s book ''Germany is Our Problem'', which promoted and described the plan in detail, to American military officials in occupied Germany. Historian [[Stephen Ambrose]] draws the conclusion that, despite Eisenhower's later claims the act was not an endorsement of the Morgenthau plan, Eisenhower both approved of the plan and had previously given Morgenthau at least some of his ideas about how Germany should be treated.<ref>Stephen Ambrose, ''Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect (1893-1952)'', New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983, p. 422.</ref> He also incorporated officials from Morgenthau's [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury]] into the army of occupation. These were commonly called "Morgenthau boys" for their zeal in interpreting the occupation directive [[Morgenthau plan#JCS 1067|JCS 1067]], which had been heavily influenced by Morgenthau and his plan, as strictly as possible.<ref>Vladimir Petrov, ''Money and conquest; allied occupation currencies in World War II.'' Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press (1967) pp. 228-229</ref> [[Image:EisenhowerChiefofStaffPortrait.jpg|thumb|Official Chief of Staff portrait]] Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army from 1945-48. In December 1950, he was named Supreme Commander of the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), and given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service on [[May 31]], [[1952]], upon entering politics. He wrote ''[[Crusade in Europe]]'', widely regarded as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs. During this period Eisenhower served as President of [[Columbia University]] from 1948 until 1953, though he was on leave from the university while he served as NATO commander. After his many wartime successes, General Eisenhower returned to the U.S. a great hero. He was unusual for a military hero as he never saw the front line in his life. The nearest he came to being under enemy fire was in 1944 when a German fighter strafed the ground while he was inspecting troops in Normandy. Eisenhower dove for cover like everyone else and after the plane flew off, a British brigadier helped him up and seemed very relieved he was not hurt. When Eisenhower thanked him for his solicitude, the brigadier deflated him by explaining "my concern was that you should not be injured in my sector." This incident formed part of Eisenhower's fund of stories he would tell now and again. Not long after his return, a "[[Draft Eisenhower]]" movement in the Republican party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the [[United States presidential election, 1952|1952 presidential election]] to counter the candidacy of isolationist Senator [[Robert Taft]]. (Eisenhower had been courted by both parties in 1948 and had declined to run then.) Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination but came to an agreement that Taft would stay out of foreign affairs while Eisenhower followed a conservative domestic policy. Eisenhower's campaign was a crusade against the [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] administration's policies regarding "[[Korea]], [[Communism]] and Corruption" and was also noted for the simple but effective phrase "I Like Ike." Eisenhower promised to go to Korea himself and end the war and maintain both a strong NATO abroad against Communism and a corruption-free frugal administration at home. He and his running mate [[Richard Nixon]], whose daughter later married Eisenhower's grandson David, defeated Democrats [[Adlai Stevenson]] and [[John Sparkman]] in a landslide, marking the first Republican return to the [[White House]] in 20 years. Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century. ==Presidency 1953-1961== {{main|Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower}} [[Image:Dwight Eisenhower Nikita Khrushchev and their wives at state dinner 1959.png|thumb|From left to right: Nina Kukharchuk, [[Mamie Eisenhower]], [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and Dwight Eisenhower at a state dinner in 1959]] [[Image:Franco eisenhower 1959 madrid.jpg|thumb|[[Francisco Franco]] and President Dwight D. Eisenhower in Madrid in 1959]] [[Image:VonBraunEisenhower.jpg|thumb|[[Wernher von Braun]] briefs President Eisenhower in front of a Saturn 1 vehicle at the [[Marshall Space Flight Center]] dedication on [[September 8]], [[1960]].]] ===Interstate Highway System=== {{main|Interstate Highway System}} One of Eisenhower's most enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956. He justified the project through the [[Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956]] as essential to American security during the Cold War. It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible future war, and the highways were designed to evacuate them and allow the military to move in. Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 [[Transcontinental Motor Convoy]]. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast.<ref>Lippman, David H. [http://www.usswashington.com/dl30au39h1.htm ''The Last Week - The Road to War''] [http://www.usswashington.com/dl_index.htm ''World War II Plus 55'']. Chapter 8, Part 1. ''URL retrieved on [[January 9]] [[2007]]''.</ref> His subsequent experience with German [[autobahn]]s during World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System.<ref>[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/InterstateHighways/InterstateHighwaysdocuments.html "Interstate Highway System"], The Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</ref> ===Dynamic Conservatism=== Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower preached a doctrine of dynamic conservatism. He continued all the major [[New Deal]] programs still in operation, especially [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare|Department of Health, Education and Welfare]], while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. His cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." Eisenhower was extremely popular, winning his second term in 1956 with 457 of 531 votes in the [[Electoral College]], and 57.6% of the [[popular vote]]. ===Eisenhower Doctrine=== After the [[Suez Crisis]], the United States became the protector of most Western interests in the [[Middle East]]. As a result, Eisenhower proclaimed the "[[Eisenhower Doctrine]]" in January 1957. In relation to the Middle East, the U.S. would be "prepared to use armed force...[to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism." On [[July 15]], [[1958]], he sent just under 15,000 soldiers to Lebanon (a combined force of Army and Marine Corps) as part of ''[[Operation Blue Bat]]'', a non-combat peace keeping mission to stabilize the pro-Western government. They left in the following October. <!--needs proper reference format Boyer, et al. ''The Enduring Vision''. Houghton Mifflin: 2000.--> In addition, Eisenhower explored the option of supporting the French colonial forces in [[Vietnam]] who were fighting an independence insurrection there. However, Chief of Staff [[Matthew Ridgway]] dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. ===Civil Rights=== Eisenhower supported the 1954 ''[[Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka]]'' U.S. Supreme Court decision, in which segregated ("[[Plessy v. Ferguson|separate but equal]]") schools were ruled to be unconstitutional. The very next day he told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children.<ref>Eisenhower (1963) p. 230; Parmet 438; Eisenhower is purported to have regretted his 1953 appointment of California Governor [[Earl Warren]] as Chief Justice of the United States, but no reliable evidence exists. Ibid. 439</ref> He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Acts of [[Civil Rights Act of 1957|1957]] and [[Civil Rights Act of 1960|1960]] and signed those acts into law. Although both Acts were weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since the 1870s. The "[[Little Rock Nine]]" incident of 1957 involved the refusal by the State of Arkansas to honor a Federal court order to integrate the schools. Under {{EO|10730}}, Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under Federal control and sent Army troops to escort nine black students into an all-white public school. The integration did not occur without violence. Eisenhower and Arkansas governor [[Orval Faubus]] engaged in tense arguments. ===Supreme Court appointments=== Eisenhower appointed the following [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States|Justices]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]: *[[Earl Warren]], 1953 (Chief Justice) *[[John Marshall Harlan II]], 1954 *[[William J. Brennan]], 1956 *[[Charles Evans Whittaker]], 1957 *[[Potter Stewart]], 1958 ===States admitted to the Union=== *[[Alaska]] – [[January 3]], [[1959]] <small>49th state</small> *[[Hawaii]] – [[August 21]], [[1959]] <small>50th state</small> ==Post-presidency== [[Image:Eisenhower 62-2-1USN.JPG|thumb|Eisenhower with President Kennedy on retreat in 1962]] [[Image:Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg|thumb|left|Official White House portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower.]] In 1961, Eisenhower became the first U.S. president to be "constitutionally forced" from office, having served the maximum two terms allowed by the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The amendment was ratified in 1951, during Harry S. Truman's term, but it stipulated that Truman would not be affected by the amendment. Eisenhower was also the first outgoing President to come under the protection of the [[Former Presidents Act]] (two then living former Presidents, [[Herbert Hoover]] and [[Harry S. Truman]], left office before Act was passed). Under the act, Eisenhower was entitled to receive a lifetime pension, state-provided staff and a [[Secret Service]] detail<ref>[http://www.archives.gov/about/laws/former-presidents.html Former Presidents Act]</ref>. In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. However, he only campaigned for Nixon in the campaign's final days and even did Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, he replied, "If you give me a week, I might think of one." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon lost narrowly to Kennedy. On [[January 17]], [[1961]], Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the [[Oval Office]].<ref>[http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/eisenhower-farewell.html Dwight D. Eisenhower Farewell Address]</ref> In his farewell speech to the nation, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War saying: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the [[military-industrial complex]]... Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together." After Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined and he was seen as having been a "do-nothing" President. This was partly because of the contrast between Eisenhower and his young activist successor, [[John F. Kennedy]], but also because of his reluctance not only to support the [[civil rights]] movement to the degree that more liberal individuals would have preferred, but also to stop [[McCarthyism]], even though he opposed McCarthy's tactics and claims.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/34_eisenhower/eisenhower_politics.html The Presidents - pbs.org]</ref> Such omissions were held against him during the [[American liberalism|liberal]] climate of the 1960s and 1970s. Since that time, however, Eisenhower's reputation has risen because of his non-partisan nature, his wartime leadership, [[Little Rock Integration Crisis|his action in Arkansas]] and an increasing appreciation of how difficult it is today to maintain a prolonged peace. In [[Historical rankings of U.S. Presidents|recent surveys]] of historians, Eisenhower often is ranked in the top 10 among all US Presidents. [[Image:Eisenhower 67-475-19.jpg|thumb|Eisenhower leaving the White House after a visit with [[Lyndon B. Johnson|President Johnson]] in 1967]] Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]]. The Gettysburg farm is a [[Eisenhower National Historic Site|National Historic Site]] [http://www.nps.gov/eise/]. In retirement, he did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the [[1964 Republican National Convention]] and appeared with [[Barry Goldwater]] in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg.<ref>[http://livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us/election/index.php?nav_action=election&nav_subaction=overview&campaign_id=168 Web reference]</ref> Because of legal issues related to holding a military rank while in a civilian office, Eisenhower resigned his permanent commission as [[General of the Army (United States)|General of the Army]] before entering the office of President of the United States. Upon completion of his Presidential term, his commission on the retired list was reactivated and Eisenhower again was commissioned a five-star general in the United States Army. ==Death and funeral== Eisenhower died of [[congestive heart failure]] on [[March 28]], [[1969]] at [[Walter Reed Army Hospital]] in Washington D.C. The following day his body was moved to the [[Washington National Cathedral]]'s Bethlehem Chapel where he laid in repose for twenty-eight hours. On [[March 30]], his body was brought by [[caisson (military)|caisson]] to the [[United States Capitol]] where he laid in state in the [[Capitol Rotunda]]. On [[March 31]], Eisenhower's body was returned to the [[Washington National Cathedral|National Cathedral]] where he was given an [[Episcopal]] funeral service. That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to [[Abilene, Kansas]]. His body arrived on [[April 2]], and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the [[Eisenhower Presidential Library]]. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud who died at age 3 in 1921, and his wife, Mamie, who died in 1979.<ref>[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/quick_links/funeral/DDE_funeral.html]</ref> ==Tributes and memorials== [[Image:Eisenhower bronze.jpg|thumb|The bronze statue of Eisenhower that stands in the [[United States Capitol rotunda|rotunda]]]] Eisenhower's picture was on the [[Eisenhower Dollar|dollar coin]] from 1971 to 1978. Nearly 700 million of the copper-nickel clad coins were minted for general circulation, and far smaller numbers of uncirculated and [[proof coinage|proof]] issues (in both copper-nickel and 40% silver varieties) were produced for collectors. He reappeared on a [[United States commemorative coin|commemorative]] silver dollar issued in 1990, celebrating the 100th anniversary of his birth, which with a double image of him showed his two roles, as both a soldier and a statesman. As part of the [[Presidential $1 Coin Program]], Eisenhower will be featured on a gold-colored dollar coin in the year 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usmint.gov/mint_programs/$1coin/index.cfm?action=schedule |title=Presidential Dollar Coin Release Schedule |accessdate=2008-01-14 |publisher=[[United States Mint]]}}</ref> He is remembered for ending the [[Korean War]]. [[USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)|USS ''Dwight D. Eisenhower'']], the second [[Nimitz class carrier|''Nimitz''-class]] [[supercarrier]], was named in his honor. The [[Interstate 290 (Illinois)|Eisenhower Expressway]] (Interstate 290), a {{convert|30|mi|km|sing=on}} long expressway in the [[Chicago]] area, was renamed after him. The British A4 class steam locomotive No. 4496 (renumbered 60008) ''Golden Shuttle'' was renamed ''Dwight D. Eisenhower'' in 1946. It is preserved at the [[National Railroad Museum]] in [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]]. [[Eisenhower College]] was a small, liberal arts college chartered in [[Seneca Falls (village), New York|Seneca Falls]], [[New York]] in 1965, with classes beginning in 1968. Financial problems forced the school to fall under the management of the [[Rochester Institute of Technology]] in 1979. Its last class graduated in 1982. The [[Eisenhower Medical Center]] in [[Rancho Mirage, California]] was named after the President in 1971. The [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center]], located at [[Fort Gordon]] near [[Augusta, Georgia]], was named in his honor.<ref>[http://www.ddeamc.amedd.army.mil/Visitor/history.htm History of Eisenhower Army Medical Center]. ''URL retrieved on [[February 20]] [[2007]]''.</ref> In February 1971, ''Dwight D. Eisenhower School'' of [[Freehold Township, New Jersey]] was officially opened.<ref>[http://www.freeholdtwp.k12.nj.us/eisenhower/history.htm "Eisenhower Middle School History"]. ''URL retrieved on [[January 21]] [[2007]].''</ref> The [[Eisenhower Tunnel]] was completed in 1979; it conveys westbound traffic on [[I-70]] through the [[Continental Divide]], {{convert|60|mi|km}} west of [[Denver, Colorado]]. In 1983, [[The Eisenhower Institute]] was founded in Washington, D.C., as a policy institute to advance Eisenhower's intellectual and leadership legacies. In 1999, the [[United States Congress]] created the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial]] Commission, which is in the planning stages of creating an enduring [[national memorial]] in Washington, D.C., across the street from the [[National Air and Space Museum]] on the [[National Mall]]. A county park in [[East Meadow, New York]] ([[Long Island]]) is named in his honor.<ref>[http://www.nassaucountyny.gov/agencies/Parks/WhereToGo/active/eisenhower.html "Eisenhower Park"]. Nassau County Department of Parks, Recreation and Museums. ''URL retrieved on [[January 22]] [[2007]].''</ref> In addition, [[Eisenhower State Park, Texas|Eisenhower State Park]] on [[Lake Texoma]] near his birthplace of Denison is named in his honor; his actual birthplace is currently operated by the State of Texas as [[Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site]]. Many public [[Eisenhower High School|high schools]] and [[Eisenhower Middle School|middle schools]] in the U.S. are named after Eisenhower. There is a [[Mount Eisenhower]] in the [[Presidential Range]] of the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]] in [[New Hampshire]]. A tree overhanging the 17th hole that always gave him trouble at Augusta National, where he was a member, is named in his honor. The Eisenhower Golf Club at the [[United States Air Force Academy]], a 36-hole facility featuring the Blue and Silver courses and which is ranked #1 among [[DoD]] courses, is named in Eisenhower's honor. ==Awards and decorations== ===United States awards=== [[Image:wiki eisenhower.JPG|thumb|Stamp issued by the [[United States Postal Service|USPS]] in 1969 commemorating Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[Image:Eisenhower dollar obverse1.jpg|thumb|Dollar coin issued by the [[United States Mint]] from 1971-78 commemorating Eisenhower]] In Order of Precedence *[[Army Distinguished Service Medal]] with four [[oak leaf clusters]] *[[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] *[[Legion of Merit]] *[[Mexican Border Service Medal]] *[[World War I Victory Medal]] *[[American Defense Service Medal]] *[[American Campaign Medal]] *[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]] with one silver and four bronze [[service stars]] *[[World War II Victory Medal]] *[[Army of Occupation Medal]] with "Germany" clasp *[[National Defense Service Medal]] (2 awards) He was also an honorary member of the [[Boy Scouts of America]]'s [[Samoset Council#Tom Kita Chara|Tom Kita Chara Lodge #96]]. ===International awards=== List of citations bestowed by other countries.<ref>[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/quick_links/military/decorations_awards_medals/Eisenhower_decorations_awards.html Eisenhower Decorations & Awards] - Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Center</ref> *Argentinian Order of the Liberator San Martin, Great Cross *Belgian [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Léopold]] *Belgian [[Croix de Guerre|Croix de Guerre/Belgisch Oorlogskruis]] *Brazil Campaign Medal *Brazil War Medal *Brazilian Order of Military Merit, Grand Cross *Brazilian Order of Aeronautical Merit, Grand Cross *Brazilian National [[Order of the Southern Cross]] *British [[Order of the Bath]], Knight Grand Cross *British [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] *British [[Africa Star]] with "8" and "1" numerical devices. *Chilean Chief Commander of the Order of Merit *Chinese Order of Yun Hui, Grand Cordon *Chinese Order of Yun Fei, Grand Cordon *[[Order of the White Lion|Czechoslovakian Order of the White Lion]] *Czechoslovakian Golden Star of Victory *[[Order of the Elephant|Danish Order of the Elephant]] *Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon *Egyptian Order of Ismal, Grand Cordon *Ethiopian Order of Solomon *[[Croix de Guerre|French Croix de Guerre]] *[[Légion d'honneur|French Legion of Honor]].<ref>"Allies" by John S. D. Eisenhower</ref> *[[Ordre de la Libération|French Order of Liberation]] *[[Médaille Militaire|French Military Medal]] *Italy: [[Military Order of Italy]], Knight Grand Cross *Italy: Order of Malta *[[Greece|Greek]] [[Order of George I]] with [[sword]]s *Guatemalan Cross of Military Merit, First Class *Haitian Order of Honor and Merit, Grand Cross *Luxembourg Medal of Merit *[[Luxembourg War Cross]] *Mexican [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]], First Class *Mexican Medal of Civic Merit *Mexican Order of Military Merit *Moroccan [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]] *Netherlands [[Order of the Dutch Lion]], Grand Cross *Norwegian [[The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav|Order of St. Olav]] *Pakistani Order of Pakistan, Nisham, First Class *Panama Order of Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Grand Cross *Panama Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Grand Master (collar grade) *Philippines [[Distinguished Service Star]] *Philippines Shield of Honor Medal, Chief Commander *Philippines [[Order of Sikatuna]], Raja (First Class) *Polish [[Cross of Grunwald]] *Polish [[Order of Polonia Restituta]] *Polish [[Virtuti Militari]] *Soviet [[Order of Suvorov]] *Soviet [[Order of Victory]] *Tunisian Order of Nichan Iftikhar, Gand Cordon ===Other honors=== *Eisenhower's name was given to a variety of streets, avenues, etc., in cities around the world, including [[Paris]], [[France]]. *In December 1999, Eisenhower was listed on [[Gallup's List of Widely Admired People|Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century]]. ==See also== {{sisterlinks|Dwight D. Eisenhower}} *[[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower]] *[[Mamie Eisenhower]], wife of Dwight D. Eisenhower *[[Atoms for Peace]], a speech to the U.N. General Assembly in December 1953 *[[Eisenhower National Historic Site]] *[[Eisenhower Presidential Center]] *[[Historical rankings of United States Presidents]] *[[History of the United States (1945-1964)]] *[[Kay Summersby]] *[[Military-industrial complex]], a term made popular by Eisenhower *[[Mount Eisenhower]] *[[People to People Student Ambassador Program]] *[[German Americans]] *[[Thomas E. Stephens]] Portrait painter (Gallery of Presidents, [[Smithsonian]]) and friend of Eisenhower ==Notes== {{clear}} {{reflist|colwidth=35em}} <!-- Dead note "1": All of the Eisenhower boys left the [[Jehovah's Witness]] religion when they reached adulthood and openly opposed major aspects of [[Watchtower]] teaching, although some of the values they learned from their Bible studies probably influenced them throughout their lives. --><!-- Dead note "2": As V-E Day came, Allied forces in Western Europe [not including Italy] consisted of 4.5 million men, including 9 armies (5 of them American&mdash;one of which, the Fifteenth, saw action only at the last), 23 corps, 91 divisions (61 of them American), 6 tactical air commands (4 American), and 2 strategic air forces (1 American). The Allies had 28,000 combat aircraft, of which 14,845 were American, and they had brought into Western Europe more than 970,000 vehicles and 18 million tons of supplies. At the same time they were achieving final victory in Italy with 18 divisions (seven of them American). [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/AMH-22.htm] --> ==Bibliography== ===Military career=== *Ambrose, Stephen E. ''Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890-1952'' (1983); *D'Este, Carlo. ''Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life'' (2002), military biography to 1945 *Eisenhower, David. ''Eisenhower at War 1943-1945'' (1986), detailed study by his grandson *Irish, Kerry E. "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan," ''The Journal of Military History'' 70.1 (2006) 31-61 online in Project Muse. *Pogue, Forrest C. ''The Supreme Command'' (1996) official Army history of SHAEF *Sixsmith, E.K.G. ''Eisenhower, His Life and Campaigns'' (1973), military *Russell Weigley. ''Eisenhower's Lieutenants.'' Indiana University Press, 1981. Ike's dealings with his key generals in WW2 ===Civilian career=== *Albertson, Dean, ed. ''Eisenhower as President'' (1963). *Alexander, Charles C. ''Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1961'' (1975). *Ambrose, Stephen E. ''Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890-1952'' (1983); ''Eisenhower. The President'' (1984); one volume edition titled ''Eisenhower: Soldier and President'' (2003). Standard biography. *Bowie, Robert R. and Richard H. Immerman; ''Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy'', Oxford University Press, 1998. *Damms, Richard V. ''The Eisenhower Presidency, 1953-1961'' (2002). *David Paul T. (ed.), ''Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952''. 5 vols., Johns Hopkins Press, 1954. *Divine, Robert A. ''Eisenhower and the Cold War'' (1981). *Greenstein, Fred I. ''The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader'' (1991). *Harris, Douglas B. "Dwight Eisenhower and the New Deal: The Politics of Preemption" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 27, 1997. *Harris, Seymour E. ''The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy'' (1962). *Krieg, Joann P. ed. ''Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier, President, Statesman'' (1987). 24 essays by scholars. *McAuliffe, Mary S. "Eisenhower, the President", ''Journal of American History'' 68 (1981), pp. 625-632. *Medhurst, Martin J. ''Dwight D. Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator'' Greenwood Press, 1993. *Pach, Chester J. and Elmo Richardson. ''Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower'' (1991). Standard scholarly survey. *Parmet, Herbert S. ''Eisenhower and the American Crusades'' (1972). Scholarly biography of post 1945 years. ===Primary sources=== *Boyle, Peter G., ed. ''The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-1955'' University of North Carolina Press, 1990. *Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Crusade in Europe'' (1948), his war memoirs. *Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Mandate for Change, 1953-1956'' (1963). *Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Waging Peace'' (1965), presidency 1956-1960. *[http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/reference/papers/eisenhower.html ''Eisenhower Papers''] 21 volume scholarly edition; complete for 1940-1961. *Summersby, Kay. ''Eisenhower was my boss'' (1948) New York: Prentice Hall; (1949) Dell paperback. ==Media== {{multi-video start}} {{multi-video item | filename = Eisenhower video montage.ogg| title = Eisenhower video montage| description = Collection of video clips of the President. (7.5 [[Megabyte|MB]], [[ogg]]/[[Theora]] format). | format = [[Theora]] }} {{multi-video end}} ==External links== {{Wikisource author}} {{wikiquote}} {{commons|Dwight D. Eisenhower}} {{portal|United States Army|United States Department of the Army Seal.svg}} *[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/eisenhower Extensive essay on Dwight D. Eisenhower] (with shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs) *[http://youtube.com/watch?v=Y9RAxAgksSE 1952 Ike for President TV Ad] *[http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/digitalarchive/speechDetail/26 Full audio of Eisenhower speeches via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)] *[http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/digitalarchive/presidentialrecordings/eisenhower/index Eisenhower's Secret White House Recordings via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)] *[http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=EisenhowerD Audio clips of Eisenhower's speeches] *[http://www.potus.com/ddeisenhower.html Dwight David Eisenhower biography] *[http://www.badley.info/history/Eisenhower-Dwight-David-USA.biog.html Eisenhower Chronology World History Database] *[http://kansastravel.org/eisenhower.htm Eisenhower Home and Tomb] *[http://www.jan.vandercrabben.name/unidocs/kcl/Eisenhower_and_Nukes.pdf Essay: Why the Eisenhower administration embraced nuclear weapons (PDF)] *[[wikisource:Eisenhower's farewell address|Farewell Address]] (Wikisource) *[http://www.army.mil/arkansas Guardians of Freedom - 50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas, by ARMY.MIL] *[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen1.htm First Inaugural Address] *[http://www.footnote.com/viewer.php?image=4346703 Original Document: D-Day Statement from Dwight D. Eisenhower] *[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen2.htm Second Inaugural Address] *[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAeisenhower.htm Spartacus Educational Biography] *[http://americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=President.Eisenhower The Arms of Dwight David Eisenhower] *[http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/index.html The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission] *[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/ The Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum] *[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/Last_Salute/Ch29.htm The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969, CHAPTER XXIX, Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, State Funeral, 28 March-2 April 1969] by B.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Mossman and M.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Stark *[http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/index.htm The Presidential Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower (searchable online)] *[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/de34.html White House biography] *[http://www.american-divisions.com/doc.asp?documentid=138&pagenumber=1 Eisenhower's report on operation Torch] *{{gutenberg author|id=Dwight+D.+Eisenhower|name=Dwight D. Eisenhower}} {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=Maj. Gen. James E. Chaney}} {{s-ttl|title=Commanding General of U.S. Army Europe|years=1942 – 1943}} {{s-aft|after=Lt. Gen. [[Frank Maxwell Andrews|Frank M. Andrews]]}} {{s-bef|before=Gen. [[Jacob L. Devers]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Commanding General of U.S. Army Europe|years=1944 – 1945}} {{s-aft|after=Gen. [[Joseph T. McNarney]]}} {{s-new}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany]]|years=1945}} {{s-aft|after=Gen. [[George S. Patton]]}} {{s-bef|before=Gen. [[George Marshall]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]]|years=1945 – 1948}} {{s-aft|after=Gen. [[Omar Bradley]]}} {{s-new}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Supreme Allied Commander Europe]] ([[NATO]])|years=1949 – 1952}} {{s-aft|after=Gen. [[Matthew Ridgway]]}} {{s-aca}} {{s-bef|before=[[Frank D. Fackenthal]]¹}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Columbia University|President of Columbia University]]|years=1948 – 1953}} {{s-aft|after=[[Grayson L. Kirk]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harry S. Truman]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961}} {{s-aft|after=[[John F. Kennedy]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Thomas Dewey]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party presidential candidate]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1952|1952]], [[U.S. presidential election, 1956|1956]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Richard Nixon]]}} {{s-hon}} {{s-bef|before=[[Herbert Hoover]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Persons who have [[lying in state|lain in state or honor]]<br/>in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]]|years=March 30, 1969 – March 31, 1969}} {{s-aft|after=[[Everett Dirksen]]}} {{s-ref|[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Fackenth.html www.encyclopedia.com]}} {{US Army Chiefs of Staff}} {{USRepPresNominees}} {{USpresidents}} {{Cold War}} {{Time Persons of the Year 1927-1950}} {{Time Persons of the Year 1951-1975}} {{Persondata |NAME=Eisenhower, Dwight David |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Ike (common referent) |SHORT DESCRIPTION=United States general and President |DATE OF BIRTH={{birth date|1890|10|14|mf=y}} |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Denison, Texas]] |DATE OF DEATH={{death date|1969|3|28|mf=y}} |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Washington, D.C.]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eisenhower, Dwight D.}} [[Category:1890 births]] [[Category:1969 deaths]] [[Category:American 5 star officers]] [[Category:American anti-communists]] [[Category:American military personnel of World War I]] [[Category:American military personnel of World War II]] [[Category:Army Black Knights football players]] [[Category:Cold War leaders]] [[Category:Companions of the Liberation]] [[Category:Deaths from cardiovascular disease]] [[Category:Dwight D. Eisenhower| ]] [[Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses]] [[Category:German-American politicians]] [[Category:History of the United States (1945–1964)]] [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Dutch Lion]] [[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]] [[Category:Operation Overlord people]] [[Category:People from Dickinson County, Kansas]] [[Category:People from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:People from Texas]] [[Category:People of the Korean War]] [[Category:Presidents of Columbia University]] [[Category:Presidents of the United States]] [[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal]] [[Category:Recipients of Polonia Restituta]] [[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Victory]] [[Category:Recipients of Virtuti Militari]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1952]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1956]] [[Category:NATO Supreme Allied Commanders]] [[Category:Time magazine Persons of the Year]] [[Category:United States Army Chiefs of Staff]] [[Category:United States Army generals]] [[Category:United States Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:United States military governors]] {{Link FA|sv}} [[af:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[ar:دوايت أيزنهاور]] [[bn:ডোয়াইট্‌ ডি. আইজেনহাওয়ার]] [[be:Дуайт Дэйвід Эйзенхаўэр]] [[bs:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[br:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[bg:Дуайт Айзенхауер]] [[ca:Dwight David Eisenhower]] [[cs:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[co:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[cy:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[da:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[de:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[et:Dwight Eisenhower]] [[el:Ντουάιτ Αϊζενχάουερ]] [[es:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[eo:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[eu:Dwight David Eisenhower]] [[fa:دوایت آیزنهاور]] [[fr:Dwight David Eisenhower]] [[gl:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[ko:드와이트 아이젠하워]] [[hy:Դուայթ Էյզենհաուեր]] [[hi:ड्वैट ऐज़नहौवर]] [[hr:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[io:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[id:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[is:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[it:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[he:דווייט אייזנהאואר]] [[pam:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[ka:დუაიტ ეიზენჰაუერი]] [[sw:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[la:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[lv:Dvaits Eizenhauers]] [[lb:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[lt:Dwight Eisenhower]] [[hu:Dwight David Eisenhower]] [[mr:ड्वाइट डी. आयझेनहॉवर]] [[ms:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[nl:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[ja:ドワイト・D・アイゼンハワー]] [[no:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[nn:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[oc:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[pl:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[pt:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[ro:Dwight David Eisenhower]] [[rm:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[ru:Эйзенхауэр, Дуайт Дэвид]] [[sq:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[simple:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[sk:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[sl:Dwight David Eisenhower]] [[sr:Двајт Д. Ајзенхауер]] [[sh:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[fi:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[sv:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[th:ดไวต์ ดี. ไอเซนฮาวร์]] [[vi:Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[tg:Дуайт Айзенҳоуер]] [[tr:Dwight Eisenhower]] [[uk:Ейзенхауер Двайт Девід]] [[ur:ڈیوائٹ ڈی آئزن ہاور]] [[yi:דווייט דעיוויד אייזנהאוער]] [[zh:德怀特·艾森豪威尔]]

Return to Directory:Dwight D. Eisenhower.