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{{Infobox_President |name=Ulysses S. Grant |nickname="Unconditional Surrender" Grant |nationality=American |image=Ulysses Grant 1870-1880.jpg |order=18th [[President of the United States]] |term_start=[[March 4]], [[1869]] |term_end=[[March 4]], [[1877]] |predecessor=[[Andrew Johnson]] |successor=[[Rutherford B. Hayes]] |birth_date={{birth date|1822|4|27|mf=y}} |birth_place=[[Point Pleasant, Ohio]] |death_date={{death date and age|1885|07|23|1822|04|27}} |death_place=[[Wilton, New York|Mount McGregor, New York]] |spouse=[[Julia Grant|Julia Dent Grant]] |children = [[Jesse Grant]], [[Ulysses S. Grant, Jr.]], [[Nellie Grant]], [[Frederick Grant]] |occupation=[[General-in-Chief]] |religion=Methodist<ref>[[List of United States Presidential religious affiliations]].</ref> |alma_mater=[[United States Military Academy at West Point]] |party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |vicepresident=[[Schuyler Colfax]] (1869-1873),<br/>[[Henry Wilson]] (1873-1875), <br/>''None'' (1875-1877) |signature=UlyssesSGrantSignature .png |branch= [[United States Army]] |serviceyears= 1839-1854, 1861-1869 |rank= [[General]] of the Army of the United States[[Image:Us army general insignia 1866.png|80px]] |commands= [[Army of the Tennessee]], [[Military Division of the Mississippi]], [[United States Army|Armies of the United States]], [[United States Army]] (postbellum) |battles= [[Mexican-American War]] *[[Battle of Resaca de la Palma]] *[[Battle of Palo Alto]] *[[Battle of Monterrey]] *[[Battle of Veracruz]] *[[Battle of Molino del Rey]] *[[Battle of Chapultepec]] [[American Civil War]] *[[Battle of Fort Donelson]] *[[Battle of Shiloh]] *[[Battle of Vicksburg|Siege of Vicksburg]] *[[Third Battle of Chattanooga]] *[[Overland Campaign]] *[[Battle of Petersburg|Siege of Petersburg]] *[[Appomattox Campaign]] |}} '''Ulysses S. Grant''',<ref>See [[#Military career|military career]] for a discussion of Grant's middle initial.</ref> born '''Hiram Ulysses Grant''' ([[April 27]], [[1822]] &ndash; [[July 23]], [[1885]]), was an [[United States|American]] general and the eighteenth [[President of the United States]] (1869&ndash;1877). He achieved international fame as the leading [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] general in the [[American Civil War]]. Grant first reached national prominence by taking Forts Henry and Donelson in 1862 in the first Union victories of the war. The following year, his brilliant campaign ending in the surrender of [[Battle of Vicksburg|Vicksburg]] secured Union control of the Mississippi and—with the simultaneous Union victory at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]]—turned the tide of the war in the North's favor. Named commanding general of the Federal armies in 1864, he implemented a coordinated strategy of simultaneous attacks aimed at destroying the South's ability to carry on the war. In 1865, after conducting a costly war of attrition in the East, he accepted the surrender of his [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] opponent [[Robert E. Lee]] at [[Appomattox Court House]]. Grant has been described by [[J.F.C. Fuller]] as "the greatest general of his age and one of the greatest strategists of any age." His [[Vicksburg Campaign]] in particular has been scrutinized by military specialists around the world. In 1868, Grant was elected president as a [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]]. Grant was the first president to serve for two full terms since [[Andrew Jackson]] forty years before. He led [[Radical Reconstruction]] and built a powerful patronage-based Republican party in the South, with the adroit use of the army. He took a hard line that reduced violence by groups like the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Although Grant was personally honest, he not only tolerated financial and political corruption among top aides but also protected them once exposed. [[Historical rankings of United States Presidents|Presidential experts]] typically rank Grant in the lowest quartile of U.S. presidents, primarily for his tolerance of corruption. In recent years, however, his reputation as president has improved somewhat among scholars impressed by his support for [[Civil Rights|civil rights]] for [[African American history|African Americans]].<ref>See Skidmore (2005); Bunting (2004), Scaturro (1998), Smith (2001) and Simpson (1998) </ref> Unsuccessful in winning a third term in 1880, bankrupted by bad investments, and terminally ill with throat cancer, Grant wrote his [[Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant|''Memoirs'']], which were enormously successful among veterans, the public, and the critics. ==Birth and early years== [[Image:GrantBirthplace.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Ulysses Grant Birthplace, [[Point Pleasant, Ohio]]]] [[Image:USGrant-Childhoodhome.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Ulysses S. Grant Boyhood Home]], [[Georgetown, Ohio]]]] Grant was born in a [[log cabin]] in [[Point Pleasant, Ohio|Point Pleasant]], [[Clermont County, Ohio|Clermont County]], [[Ohio]], 25 miles (40 km) east of [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] on the [[Ohio River]]. He was the eldest of the six children of Jesse Root Grant (1794&ndash;1873) and Hannah Simpson Grant (1798&ndash;1883). His father, a tanner from [[Pennsylvania]], was descended from English immigrant to Massachusetts Matthew Grant (1601-1681);{{fact|date=March 2008}} his mother was born in [[Horsham Township, Pennsylvania]]. In the fall of 1823, they moved to the village of [[Georgetown, Ohio|Georgetown]] in [[Brown County, Ohio]]. ==Family and friends== On [[August 22]], [[1848]], Grant married [[Julia Boggs Dent]] (1826&ndash;1902), the daughter of a slave owner. They had four children: [[Frederick Dent Grant]], [[Ulysses S. Grant, Jr.]] (Buck), [[Ellen Wrenshall Grant]] (Nellie), and [[Jesse Root Grant]]. ==Military career== At the age of 17, Grant entered the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]], after securing a nomination through his [[U.S. Congressman]], [[Thomas L. Hamer]]. Hamer erroneously nominated him as "Ulysses S. Grant of Ohio,"<ref>Smith, ''Grant'', p. 24.</ref> knowing Grant's mother's maiden name was Simpson and forgetting that Grant was referred to in his youth as "H. Ulysses Grant" or "Lyss." Grant wrote his name in the entrance register as "Ulysses Hiram Grant" (concerned that he would otherwise become known by his initials, H.U.G.), but the school [[Academic administration|administration]] refused to accept any name other than the nominated form. Grant adopted the form of his new name with middle initial only.<ref>Smith, ''Grant'', p. 83. In a letter to his wife Julia dated [[March 31]], [[1853]], Grant wrote, "Why did you not tell me more about our dear little boys ? ... What does Fred. call Ulys. ? What does the S stand for in Ulys.'s name? In mine you know it does not stand for anything!" McFeely, p. 524, n. 2: "Grant himself never used more than 'S.'; others converted the single letter to 'Simpson.'</ref> Because "U.S." also stands for "Uncle Sam," Grant's nickname became "Sam" among his army colleagues. He graduated from West Point in 1843, ranking 21st in a class of 39. At the academy, he established a reputation as a fearless and expert horseman. Although this made him seem a natural for [[cavalry]], he was assigned to duty as a regimental quartermaster, managing supplies and equipment. ===Mexican-American War=== Lieutenant Grant served in the [[Mexican-American War]] (1846–1848) under Generals [[Zachary Taylor]] and [[Winfield Scott]], where, despite his assignment as a quartermaster, he got close enough to the front lines to see action, taking part in the battles of [[Battle of Resaca de la Palma|Resaca de la Palma]], [[Battle of Palo Alto|Palo Alto]], [[Battle of Monterrey|Monterrey]] (where he volunteered to carry a dispatch on horseback through a sniper-lined street), and [[Battle of Veracruz|Veracruz]]. Once Grant saw his friend, Fred Dent, later becoming his brother-in-law, lying in the middle of the battlefield; he had been shot in the leg. Grant ran furiously into the open to rescue Dent; as they were making their way to safety, a Mexican was sneaking up behind Grant, but the Mexican was shot by a fellow U.S soldier. Grant was twice brevetted for bravery: at [[Battle of Molino del Rey|Molino del Rey]] and [[Battle of Chapultepec|Chapultepec]]. He was a remarkably close observer of the war, learning to judge the actions of colonels and generals. In the 1880s he wrote that the war was unjust, accepting the theory that it was designed to gain land open to slavery. He wrote in his memoirs about the war against Mexico: "I was bitterly opposed to the measure, and to this day regard the war, which resulted, as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation".<ref>[http://www.fadedgiant.net/html/grant_ulysses_s_quotes_west_po.htm Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War]</ref> ==Between wars== After the Mexican-American war ended in 1848, Grant remained in the army and was moved to several different posts. He was sent to [[Fort Vancouver]] in the [[Washington Territory]] in 1853, where he served as quartermaster of the [[U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment|4th U.S. Infantry regiment]]. His wife, eight months pregnant with their second child, could not accompany him because his salary could not support a family on the frontier. In 1854, Grant was promoted to captain (one of only 50 still on active duty) and assigned to command Company F, 4th Infantry, at [[Fort Humboldt State Historic Park|Fort Humboldt]], California. However, he still could not afford to bring his family out West. He tried some business ventures, but they failed. Grant resigned from the Army with little advance notice on [[July 31]], [[1854]], offering no explanation for his abrupt decision. Rumors persisted in the Army for years that his commanding officer, Bvt. Lt. Col. [[Robert C. Buchanan]], found him drunk on duty as a pay officer and offered him the choice between resignation or court-martial.<ref>According to Smith, pp. 87-88, and Lewis, pp. 328-32, two of Grant's lieutenants corroborated this story and Buchanan himself confirmed it to another officer in a conversation during the Civil War. Years later, Grant told educator [[John Eaton (General)|John Eaton]], "the vice of intemperance had not a little to do with my decision to resign." </ref> Some biographers discount the rumors and suggest Grant's resignation, and his drinking, were both prompted by profound depression. According to this view, Buchanan hated Grant and concocted the drunkenness story years later to protect Buchanan's action in removing the man who became one of the most famous generals in history. The War Department stated, "Nothing stands against his good name."<ref>McFeely, p. 55-56; Simpson, ''Triumph'', pp. 60-61. Buchanan tolerated drunkenness in other officers, and in Grant's successor, and surprised fellow officers by forcing Grant's resignation. Garland, p. 126, notes that at the time the War Department made clear that Grant did not leave under a cloud.</ref> A civilian at age 32, Grant struggled through seven lean years. From 1854 to 1858 he labored on a family farm near [[St. Louis, Missouri]], using slaves owned by his father-in-law, but it did not prosper. Grant owned one slave (whom he set free in 1859); his wife owned four slaves (two women servants and their two small boys).<ref>His wife's slaves were leased in St. Louis in 1860 after Grant gave up farming. The land and cabin where Grant lived is now an animal conservation reserve, [[Grant's Farm]], owned and operated by the [[Anheuser-Busch]] Company.</ref> In 1858-59 he was a bill collector in St. Louis. Failing at everything, in humiliation he asked his father for a job, and in 1860 was made an assistant in the leather shop owned by his father and run by his younger brother in [[Galena, Illinois]]. Grant & Perkins sold harnesses, saddles, and other leather goods and purchased hides from farmers in the prosperous Galena area.<ref>McFeely, ch. 5.</ref> Although Grant was essentially apolitical, his father-in-law was a prominent Democrat in St. Louis (a fact that lost Grant the good job of county engineer in 1859). In 1856 he voted for Democrat [[James Buchanan]] for president to avert secession and because "I knew [[John C. Frémont|Frémont]]" (the Republican candidate). In 1860, he favored Democrat [[Stephen A. Douglas]] but did not vote. In 1864, he allowed his political sponsor, Congressman [[Elihu B. Washburne]], to use his private letters as campaign literature for Abraham Lincoln<ref>[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mal&fileName=mal1/365/3652100/malpage.db&recNum=0 The Abraham Lincoln Papers] at the Library of Congress. Retrieved [[April 28]], [[2007]].</ref> and the Union Party, which combined both Republicans and [[War Democrats]]. He refused to announce his political affiliation until 1868, when he finally declared himself a Republican.<ref>Hesseltine, chapter 6.</ref>. ==Civil War== ===Western Theater: 1861&ndash;63=== [[Image:USGrantHomeGalena.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Ulysses S. Grant Home|home]] of President Grant while he lived in [[Galena, Illinois]].]] Shortly after Confederate forces fired upon [[Fort Sumter]], President [[Abraham Lincoln]] put out a call for 75,000 volunteers. Grant helped recruit a company of volunteers and accompanied it to [[Springfield, Illinois|Springfield]], the capital of [[Illinois]]. Grant accepted a position offered by Illinois Governor [[Richard Yates (governor)|Richard Yates]] to recruit and train volunteers, which he accomplished with efficiency. Grant pressed for a field command; Yates appointed him colonel of the undisciplined and rebellious [[21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment| 21st Illinois Infantry]] in June 1861. Grant was deployed to Missouri to protect the [[Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad]]. Under pro-Confederate Governor [[Claiborne Jackson]], Missouri had declared it was an armed neutral in the conflict and would attack troops from either side entering the state. By the first of August the Union army had forcibly removed Jackson and Missouri was controlled by Union forces, who had to deal with numerous southern sympathizers. In August, Grant was appointed brigadier general of volunteers by Lincoln, who had been lobbied by Congressman Elihu Washburne. At the end of August, Grant was selected by Western Theater commander Major General [[John C. Frémont]] to command the critical District of Southeast Missouri. ====Battles of Belmont, Henry, and Donelson==== Grant's first important strategic act of the war was to take the initiative to seize the [[Ohio River]] town of [[Paducah, Kentucky]], immediately after the [[Confederate States Army|Confederates]] violated the state's neutrality by occupying [[Columbus, Kentucky]]. He fought his first battle, an indecisive action against Confederate Brig. Gen. [[Gideon J. Pillow]], at [[Battle of Belmont|Belmont, Missouri]], in November 1861. Three months later, aided by [[Andrew H. Foote]]'s Navy gunboats, he captured two major Confederate fortresses, [[Battle of Fort Henry|Fort Henry]] on the [[Tennessee River]] and [[Battle of Fort Donelson|Fort Donelson]] on the [[Cumberland River]]. At Donelson, his army was hit by a surprise Confederate attack (once again by Pillow) while he was temporarily absent. Displaying the cool determination that would characterize his leadership in future battles, he organized counterattacks that carried the day. Both General Floyd and Pillow, the two senior Confederate commanders fled. The Confederate commander, Brig. Gen. [[Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr.|Simon B. Buckner]], an old friend of Grant's and a West Point classmate, and senior commander with Floyd and Pillow fleeing, yielded to Grant's hard conditions of "no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender." Buckner's surrender of over 12,000 men made Grant a national figure almost overnight, and he was nicknamed "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. The captures of the two forts with over 12,000 prisoners were the first major Union victories of the war, gaining him national recognition. Desperate for generals who could fight and win, Lincoln promoted him to major general of volunteers. Although Grant's new-found fame did not seem to affect his temperament, it did have an impact on his personal life. At one point during the Civil War, a picture of Grant with a cigar in his mouth was published. He was then inundated with cigars from well wishers. Before that he had smoked only sporadically, but he could not give them all away, so he took up smoking them, a habit which may have contributed to the development of throat cancer later in his life; one story after the war claimed that he smoked over 10,000 in five years. Despite his significant victories (or perhaps because of them), Grant fell out of favor with his superior, Major General [[Henry W. Halleck]]. Halleck had a particular distaste for drunks and, believing Grant was an alcoholic, was biased against him from the beginning. After Grant visited [[Nashville, Tennessee]], where he met with Halleck's rival, [[Don Carlos Buell]], Halleck used the visit as an excuse to relieve Grant of field command on [[March 2]]. Personal intervention from President Lincoln caused Halleck to restore Grant, who rejoined his army on [[March 17]]. ====Shiloh==== [[Image:USGrant.gif|thumb|right|290px|General Grant at [[Battle of Cold Harbor|Cold Harbor]], photographed by [[Mathew Brady]] in 1864]] In early April 1862, Grant was surprised by Generals [[Albert Sidney Johnston]] and [[P.G.T. Beauregard]] at the [[Battle of Shiloh]]. The sheer violence of the Confederate attack sent the Union forces reeling. Nevertheless, Grant refused to retreat. With grim determination, he stabilized his line. Then, on the second day, with the help of timely reinforcements, Grant counterattacked and turned a serious reverse into a victory. The victory at Shiloh came at a high price; with over 23,000 casualties, it was the bloodiest battle in the history of the United States up to that time. Halleck responded to the surprise and the disorganized nature of the fighting by taking command of the army in the field himself on [[April 30]], relegating Grant to the powerless position of second-in-command for the campaign in [[First Battle of Corinth|Corinth, Mississippi]]. Despondent over this reversal, Grant decided to resign. The intervention of his subordinate and good friend, [[William T. Sherman]], caused him to remain. When Halleck was promoted to general-in-chief of the Union Army, Grant resumed his position as commander of the [[Army of West Tennessee]] (later more famously named the [[Army of the Tennessee]]) on [[June 10]]. He commanded the army for the battles of [[Second Battle of Corinth|Corinth]] and [[Battle of Iuka|Iuka]] that fall. ====Vicksburg==== In an attempt to capture the [[Mississippi River]] fortress of [[Vicksburg Campaign|Vicksburg, Mississippi]], Grant spent the winter of 1862&ndash;1863 conducting a series of operations to gain access to the city through the region's bayous. These attempts failed. However, his strategy to take Vicksburg in 1863 is considered one of the most masterful in military history. Grant marched his troops down the west bank of the Mississippi and crossed the river by using [[U.S. Navy]] ships that had run the guns at Vicksburg. There, he moved inland and&mdash;in a daring move that defied conventional military principles&mdash;cut loose from most of his supply lines.<ref> One of the enduring myths about Grant is that he dispensed with ''all'' of his supply lines and lived entirely off the land. This story was first propagated by former journalist [[Charles Anderson Dana|Charles A. Dana]] and years later, Grant wrote the same in his memoirs. However, supply requisitions show that, while the men and animals of the Army of the Tennessee foraged for much of their food, staples such as coffee, salt, [[hardtack]], ammunition, and medical supplies kept a large fleet of wagons moving inland from Grand Gulf throughout the campaign. This supply train was a target of Pemberton until Champion Hill.</ref> Operating in enemy territory, Grant moved swiftly, never giving the Confederates, under the command of [[John C. Pemberton]], an opportunity to concentrate their forces against him. Grant's army went eastward, captured the city of [[Jackson, Mississippi]], and severed the rail line to Vicksburg. [[Image:GenUSGrant.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant]] Knowing that the Confederates could no longer send reinforcements to the Vicksburg garrison, Grant turned west and won the [[Battle of Champion Hill]]. The Confederates retreated inside their fortifications at Vicksburg, and Grant promptly surrounded the city. Finding that assaults against the impregnable breastworks were futile, he settled in for a six-week [[Battle of Vicksburg|siege]]. Cut off and with no possibility of relief, Pemberton surrendered to Grant on [[July 4]], [[1863]]. It was a devastating defeat for the Southern cause, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two, and, in conjunction with the Union victory at [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] the previous day, is widely considered the [[Turning point of the American Civil War|turning point]] of the war. For this victory, President Lincoln promoted Grant to the rank of major general in the regular army, effective [[July 4]]. A distinguished British historian has written that "we must go back to the campaigns of Napoleon to find equally brilliant results accomplished in the same space of time with such a small loss." Lincoln said after the capture of Vicksburg and after the lost opportunity after Gettysburg, "Grant is my man and I am his the rest of the War." ====Chattanooga==== After the [[Battle of Chickamauga]] Union general [[William S. Rosecrans]] retreated to [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]. Confederate [[Braxton Bragg]] followed to [[Lookout Mountain]], surrounding the Federals on three sides. On [[October 17]], Grant was placed in command of the Military Division of Mississippi, which included Chattanooga. He immediately relieved Rosecrans and replaced him with [[George Henry Thomas|George H. Thomas]]. Devising a plan known as the "Cracker Line", Thomas' chief engineer, [[William Farrar Smith|William F. "Baldy" Smith]] opened a new supply route to Chattanooga, helping to better supply the Army of the Cumberland. Upon reprovisioning and reinforcing, the morale of Union troops lifted. In late November, they went on the offensive. The [[Third Battle of Chattanooga|Battle of Chattanooga]] started out with Sherman's failed attack on the Confederate right. He not only attacked the wrong mountain but committed his troops piecemeal, allowing them to be defeated by one Confederate division. In response, Grant ordered Thomas to launch a demonstration on the center, which could draw defenders away from Sherman. Thomas waited until he was certain that Hooker, with reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac, was engaged on the Confederate left before he launched the Army of the Cumberland at the center of the Confederate line. Hooker's men broke the Confederate left, while Thomas' men made an unexpected but spectacular charge straight up [[Missionary Ridge]] and broke the fortified center of the Confederate line. Grant was initially angry at Thomas that his orders for a demonstration were exceeded, but the assaulting wave sent the Confederates into a head-long retreat, opening the way for the Union to invade [[Atlanta, Georgia]], and the heart of the Confederacy. Grant reportedly said afterward, "Damn, I had nothing to do with this battle," according to Hooker. Grant's willingness to fight and ability to win impressed President Lincoln, who appointed him [[Lieutenant General (United States)|lieutenant general]] in the regular army&mdash;a rank not awarded since [[George Washington]] (or [[Winfield Scott]]'s [[brevet (military)| brevet]] appointment), recently re-authorized by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] with Grant in mind&mdash;on [[March 2]], [[1864]]. On [[March 12]], Grant became general-in-chief of all the armies of the [[United States]]. ===General-in-Chief and strategy for victory=== In March 1864, Grant put Major General [[William Tecumseh Sherman|William T. Sherman]] in immediate command of all forces in the West and moved his headquarters to [[Virginia]] where he turned his attention to the long-frustrated Union effort to destroy the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]; his secondary objective was to capture the Confederate capital of [[Richmond, Virginia]], but Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished. He devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, [[George G. Meade]], and [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Franklin Butler]] against Lee near Richmond; [[Franz Sigel]] in the [[Shenandoah Valley]]; Sherman to invade [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], defeat [[Joseph E. Johnston]], and capture [[Atlanta]]; [[George Crook]] and [[William W. Averell]] to operate against railroad supply lines in [[West Virginia]]; and [[Nathaniel Prentiss Banks|Nathaniel Banks]] to capture [[Mobile, Alabama]]. Grant was the first general to attempt such a coordinated strategy in the war and the first to understand the concepts of [[total war]], in which the destruction of an enemy's economic infrastructure that supplied its armies was as important as tactical victories on the battlefield. ====Overland Campaign, Petersburg, and Appomattox==== The [[Overland Campaign]] was the military thrust needed by the Union to defeat the Confederacy. It pitted Grant against the great commander [[Robert E. Lee]] in an epic contest. It began on [[May 4]], [[1864]], when the [[Army of the Potomac]] crossed the [[Rapidan River]], marching into an area of scrubby undergrowth and second growth trees known as the Wilderness. It was such difficult terrain that the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] was able to use it to prevent Grant from fully exploiting his numerical advantage. The [[Battle of the Wilderness]] was a stubborn, bloody two-day fight, resulting in advantage to neither side, but with heavy casualties on both. After similar battles in Virginia against Lee, all of Grant's predecessors had retreated from the field. Grant ignored the setback and ordered an advance around Lee's flank to the southeast, which lifted the morale of his army. Grant's strategy was not just to win individual battles, it was to fight constant battles in order to wear down and destroy Lee's army. [[Image:Grant from West Point to Appomattox.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Poster of "Grant from West Point to Appomattox."]] Sigel's Shenandoah campaign and Butler's James River campaign both failed. Lee was able to reinforce with troops used to defend against these assaults. The campaign continued, but Lee, anticipating Grant's move, beat him to [[Spotsylvania, Virginia]], where, on [[May 8]], the fighting resumed. The [[Battle of Spotsylvania Court House]] lasted 14 days. On [[May 11]], Grant wrote a famous dispatch containing the line "I propose to fight it out along this line if it takes all summer". These words summed up his attitude about the fighting, and the next day, [[May 12]], he ordered a massive assault by Hancock's 2nd Corps that broke a portion of Lee's line, captured 30 artillery pieces, took 4,000 prisoners, and broke forever the famous Stonewall Division. In spite of mounting Union casualties, the contest's dynamics changed in Grant's favor. Most of Lee's great victories in earlier years had been won on the offensive, employing surprise movements and fierce assaults. Now, he was forced to continually fight on the defensive without a chance to regroup or replenish against an opponent that was well supplied and had superior numbers. The next major battle, however, demonstrated the power of a well-prepared defense. [[Battle of Cold Harbor|Cold Harbor]] was one of Grant's most controversial battles, in which he launched on [[June 3]] a massive three-corps assault without adequate reconnaissance on a well-fortified defensive line, resulting in horrific casualties (3,000&ndash;7,000 killed, wounded, and missing in the first 40 minutes, although modern estimates have determined that the total was likely less than half of the famous figure of 7,000 that has been used in books for decades; as many as 12,000 for the day, far outnumbering the Confederate losses). Grant said of the battle in his memoirs "I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made. I might say the same thing of the assault of the 22nd of May, 1863, at Vicksburg. At Cold Harbor no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained." But Grant moved on and kept up the pressure. He stole a march on Lee, slipping his troops across the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]]. Arriving at [[Petersburg, Virginia]], first, Grant should have captured the rail junction city, but he failed because of the overly cautious actions of his subordinate William Smith. Over the next three days, a number of Union assaults to take the city were launched. But all failed, and finally on [[June 18]], Lee's veterans arrived. Faced with fully manned trenches in his front, Grant was left with no alternative but to settle down to a [[Siege of Petersburg|siege]]. As the summer drew on and with Grant's and [[William Tecumseh Sherman|Sherman's]] armies stalled, respectively in Virginia and Georgia, politics took center stage. There was a presidential election in the fall, and the citizens of the North had difficulty seeing any progress in the war effort. To make matters worse for [[Abraham Lincoln]], Lee detached a small army under the command of Lieutenant General [[Jubal A. Early]], hoping it would force Grant to disengage forces to pursue him. Early invaded north through the [[Shenandoah Valley]] and reached the outskirts of [[Washington, D.C.]]. Although unable to take the city, Early embarrassed the [[Administration (government)|Administration]] simply by threatening its inhabitants, making Abraham Lincoln's re-election prospects even bleaker. In early September, the efforts of Grant's coordinated strategy finally bore fruit. First, Sherman took Atlanta. Then, Grant dispatched [[Philip Sheridan]] to the [[Valley Campaigns of 1864|Shenandoah Valley]] to deal with Early. It became clear to the people of the North that the war was being won, and Lincoln was re-elected by a wide margin. Later in November, Sherman began his [[Sherman's March to the Sea|March to the Sea]]. Sheridan and Sherman both followed Grant's strategy of [[total war]] by destroying the economic infrastructures of the Valley and a large swath of Georgia and the [[Carolinas Campaign|Carolinas]]. At the beginning of April 1865, Grant's relentless pressure finally forced Lee to evacuate Richmond, and after a nine-day retreat, Lee surrendered his army at [[Appomattox Court House]] on [[April 9]], [[1865]]. There, Grant offered generous terms that did much to ease the tensions between the armies and preserve some semblance of Southern pride, which would be needed to reconcile the warring sides. Within a few weeks, the American Civil War was effectively over; minor actions would continue until [[Kirby Smith]] surrendered his forces in the [[Trans-Mississippi Department]] on [[June 2]], [[1865]]. Immediately after Lee's surrender, Grant had the sad honor of serving as a pallbearer at the funeral of his greatest champion, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln had been quoted after the massive losses at Shiloh as saying, "I can't spare this man. He fights." It was a two-sentence description that completely caught the essence of Ulysses S. Grant. Grant's fighting style was what one fellow general called "that of a bulldog". The term accurately captures his tenacity, but it oversimplifies his considerable strategic and tactical capabilities. Although a master of combat by out-maneuvering his opponent (such as at Vicksburg and in the Overland Campaign against Lee), Grant was not afraid to order direct assaults, often when the Confederates were themselves launching offensives against him. Such tactics often resulted in heavy casualties for Grant's men, but they wore down the Confederate forces proportionately more and inflicted irreplaceable losses. Many in the North denounced Grant as a "butcher" in 1864, an accusation made both by Northern civilians appalled at the staggering number of casualties suffered by Union armies for what appeared to be negligible gains, and by [[Copperheads]], Northern [[Democratic Party (United States)| Democrats]] who either favored the Confederacy or simply wanted an end to the war, even at the cost of recognizing Southern independence. Grant persevered, refusing to withdraw as had his predecessors, and Lincoln, despite public outrage and pressure within the government, stuck by Grant, refusing to replace him. Although Grant lost battles in 1864, he won all his campaigns. Despite his reputation, deserved or not, as an uncaring butcher, Grant was always concerned about the sufferings of the wounded. Horace Porter who served with him, described a scene of a soldier dying beside a roadside during the battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, and Grant's reaction as the dying young man was splattered with mud by a passing rider: {{Quote|The general, whose eyes were at that moment turned upon the youth, was visibly affected. He reined in his horse, and seeing from a motion he made that he was intending to dismount to bestow some care upon the young man, I sprang from my horse, ran to the side of the soldier, wiped his face with my handerchief, spoke to him, and examined his wound; but in a few minutes the unmistakeable death rattle was heard, and I found he had breathed his last. I said to the general, who was watching the scene intently, 'The poor fellow is dead,' remounted my horse, and the party rode on. ... There was a painfully sad look upon the general's face, and he did not speak for some time. While always sensitive to the sufferings of the wounded, this pitiful sight seemed to affect him more than usual.<ref>Porter, Horace, ''Campaigning with Grant'', Konecky & Konecky, New York, NY 1992 ISBN 0-914427-70-9</ref>}} Historian Michael Korda explained his strategic genius:<ref>Korda, (2004) </ref> {{Quote|Grant understood topography, the importance of supply lines, the instant judgment of the balance between his own strengths and the enemy's weaknesses, and above all the need to keep his armies moving forward, despite casualties, even when things had gone wrong&mdash;that and the simple importance of inflicting greater losses on the enemy than he can sustain, day after day, until he breaks. Grant the boy never retraced his steps. Grant the man did not retreat&mdash;he advanced. Generals who do that win wars.}} After the war, on [[July 25]], [[1866]], Congress authorized the newly created rank of [[General of the Army of the United States]], the equivalent of a full (four-star) general in the modern [[U.S. Army]].<ref>Eicher, ''Civil War High Commands'', p. 264.</ref> Grant was appointed as such by President [[Andrew Johnson]] on the same day.'' ==Reconstruction: Grant and Johnson== As commanding general of the army, Grant had a difficult relationship with President Johnson. Although he accompanied Johnson on a national stumping tour during the 1866 elections, he did not appear to be a supporter of Johnson's moderate policies toward the South. Johnson tried to use Grant to defeat the Radical Republicans by making Grant the Secretary of War in place of [[Edwin M. Stanton]], whom he could not remove without the approval of Congress under the [[Tenure of Office Act]]. Grant refused but kept his military command. That made him a hero to the Radicals, who gave him the Republican nomination for president in 1868. He was chosen as the [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]] presidential candidate at the [[Republican National Convention]] in [[Chicago]] in May 1868, with no real opposition. In his letter of acceptance to the party, Grant concluded with "Let us have peace," which became the Republican campaign slogan. In [[U.S. presidential election, 1868|the general election that year]], he won against former New York governor [[Horatio Seymour]] with a lead of 300,000 out of a total of 5,716,082 votes cast but by a commanding 214 Electoral College votes to 80. He ran about 100,000 votes ahead of the Republican ticket, suggesting an unusually powerful appeal to veterans. When he entered the White House, he was politically inexperienced and, at age 46, the youngest man yet elected president. ==Presidency 1869–1877== The second president from Ohio, Grant was the 18th President of the United States and served two terms from [[March 4]], [[1869]], to [[March 4]], [[1877]]. In [[United States presidential election, 1872|the 1872 election]] he won by a landslide against the [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|breakaway Liberal Republican party]] that nominated [[Horace Greeley]]. ===Reconstruction=== Grant presided over the last half of [[Reconstruction]], watching as the Democrats (called [[Redeemers]]) took the control of every state away from his Republican coalition. When urgent telegrams from state leaders begged for help, Grant and his attorney general replied that "the whole public is tired of these annual autumnal outbreaks in the South," saying that state militias should handle the problems, not the Army. He supported amnesty for Confederate leaders and protection for the civil rights of African-Americans. He favored a limited number of troops to be stationed in the South&mdash;sufficient numbers to protect rights of Southern blacks, suppress the violent tactics of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], and prop up Republican governors, but not so many as to create resentment in the general population. In 1869 and 1871, Grant signed bills promoting [[voting rights]] and prosecuting Klan leaders. The [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], establishing voting rights, was ratified in 1870. Recent historians have emphasized Grant's commitment to protecting Unionists and freedmen in the South until 1876. Grant's commitment to black civil rights was demonstrated by his address to Congress in 1875 and by his attempt to use the annexation of [[Dominican Republic|Santo Domingo]] as leverage to force white supremacists to accept blacks as part of the Southern political polity. Grant confronted an apathetic Northern public, violent Ku Klux Klan organizations in the South, and a factional [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. He was charged with bringing order and equality to the South without being armed with the [[emergency powers]] that Lincoln and Johnson employed{{Fact|date=December 2007}}. Grant signed a bill into law that created [[Yellowstone National Park]] (America's first National Park) on [[March 1]], [[1872]].<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/gegr/ General Grant National Memorial] by the National Park Service. Retrieved [[March 29]], [[2006]].</ref> Grant also signed into law making [[Christmas]] a [[federal holiday]] in 1870.<ref>[http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/Federal_Holidays.pdf Federal Holidays: Evolution and Application], CRS Report for Congress, 98-301 GOV, updated [[February 8]], [[1999]], by Stephen W. Stathis</ref> ===Panic of 1873=== The [[Panic of 1873]] hit the country hard during his presidency, and he never attempted decisive action, one way or the other, to alleviate distress. The first law that he signed, in March 1869, established the value of the greenback currency issued during the Civil War, pledging to redeem the bills in gold. In 1874, he vetoed a bill to increase the amount of a legal tender currency, which defused the currency crisis on Wall Street but did little to help the economy as a whole. The depression led to Democratic victories in the 1874 off-year elections, as that party took control of the House for the first time since 1856. By 1875 the Grant administration was in disarray and on the defensive on all fronts other than foreign policy. With the Democrats in control of the House, Grant was unable to pass legislation. The House discovered gross corruption in the Interior, War, and Navy Departments; they did much to discredit the Department of Justice, forced the resignation of [[Robert Schenck]], the Minister to Britain, and cast suspicion upon Blaine's conduct while Speaker.<ref>Nevins, ''Hamilton Fish'' 2:811ff.</ref> Historian Allan Nevins concludes:<ref>Nevins, ''Fish'' 2:811</ref> {{Quote|Various administrations have closed in gloom and weakness ... but no other has closed in such paralysis and discredit as (in all domestic fields) did Grant's. The President was without policies or popular support. He was compelled to remake his Cabinet under a grueling fire from reformers and investigators; half its members were utterly inexperienced, several others discredited, one was even disgraced. The personnel of the departments was largely demoralized. The party that autumn appealed for votes on the implicit ground that the next Administration would be totally unlike the one in office. In its centennial year, a year of deepest economic depression, the nation drifted almost rudderless.}} In 1876, Grant helped to calm the nation over the [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Hayes]]-[[Samuel J. Tilden|Tilden]] [[U.S. presidential election, 1876|election controversy]]; he made clear he would not tolerate any march on Washington, such as that proposed by Tilden supporter [[Henry Watterson]] . ===Economic affairs=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2008}} The Grant administration's first economic accomplishment was the signing of the Act to Strengthen the Public Credit which the GOP Congress had passed after Grant's inaugural in March 1869. The act had the effect that the gold price on New York exchange fell to $310 dollars an ounce &mdash; the lowest point since the suspension of specie payment in 1862. As Jean Edward Smith notes in his 2002 biography on Grant, the presidential treasury secretary Boutwell reorganized the Treasury by discharging unnecessary employees, started sweeping changes in Bureau of Printing and Engraving to protect the currency from counterfeiters and revitalized tax collections to hasten the collection of revenue. These changes soon led the Treasury having a monthly surplus. The Grant administration reduced the debt by approximately 435 million dollars. That was achieved by selling the growing gold surplus at weekly auctions for greenbacks and buying back wartime bonds with the currency. With this Grant's treasury secretary Boutwell had established a policy which if continued would had paid off the national debt in a quarter of a century. Newspapers like the ''New York Tribune'' wanted the Government to buy more bonds and Greenbacks and the ''New York Times'' praised the Grant administration `s debt policy. On other economic fronts Grant administration had several other accomplishments. Under Grant the nation's credit was substantially raised. Taxes were reduced by 300 million dollars. Annual interest rates were reduced by approximately 30 million dollars. The U . S balance of trade was changed from 130 million dollars against the United States to 120 million dollar in favor of the United States. He also reduced inflation and to 1873 bolstered economic recovery. He also promoted economy in federal expenditures. His veto of the Inflation Bill in 1874 saved the aftermath of the ''Panic of 1873'' to get worse and the veto was praised by the financial community and many newspapers. The Resumption of Species Act of 1875 which was signed by Grant helped to end the crisis in 1879 when the law came in to effect. He also pressed for internal improvements coupled with increased shipbuilding and foreign trade. He also wanted to enhance and improve the commercial marine. ===Foreign affairs=== [[Image:Grant-Wilson-campaign-poster.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Grant/Wilson campaign poster]] In foreign affairs, a notable achievement of the Grant administration was the 1871 [[Treaty of Washington (1871)|Treaty of Washington]], negotiated by Secretary of State [[Hamilton Fish]]. It settled American claims against Britain concerning the wartime activities of the British-built Confederate raider [[CSS Alabama|CSS ''Alabama'']]. He also proposed to annex the independent, largely black nation of [[Dominican Republic|Santo Domingo]]. Not only did he believe that the island would be of use to the navy tactically, but he sought to use it as a bargaining chip. By providing a safe haven for the freedmen, Grant believed that the exodus of black labor would force Southern whites to realize the necessity of such a significant workforce and accept their civil rights. At the same time he hoped that U.S. ownership of the island would urge nearby Cuba to abandon slavery. The Senate refused to ratify it because of ([[U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Foreign Relations Committee]] Chairman) Senator [[Charles Sumner]]'s strong opposition. Grant helped depose Sumner from the chairmanship, and Sumner supported [[Horace Greeley]] and the [[Liberal Republican Party (United States)|Liberal Republicans]] in 1872. Another notable foreign policy action under Grant was the settlement of the [[Liberian-Grebo War]] of 1876 through the dispatchment of the [[USS Alaska (1868)|USS Alaska]] to [[Liberia]] where US envoy [[James Milton Turner]] negotiated the incorporation of Grebo people into Liberian society and the ousting of foreign traders from Liberia.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/grebo.htm Liberian-Grebo War of 1876]</ref> ===Scandals=== The first scandal to taint the Grant administration was [[Black Friday (1869)|Black Friday]], a gold-speculation financial crisis in September 1869, set up by Wall Street manipulators [[Jay Gould]] and [[James Fisk (financier)|James Fisk]]. They tried to corner the gold market and tricked Grant into preventing his treasury secretary from stopping the fraud. However, Grant eventually released large amounts of gold back onto the market, causing a large-scale financial crisis for many gold investors. Jay Gould had already prepared and quietly sold out while Fisk denied many agreements and hired thugs to intimidate his creditors. The most famous scandal was the [[Whiskey Ring]] of 1875, exposed by Secretary of the Treasury [[Benjamin H. Bristow]], in which over 3 million dollars in taxes were stolen from the federal government with the aid of high government officials. [[Orville E. Babcock]], the private secretary to the President, was indicted as a member of the ring but escaped conviction because of a presidential pardon. Grant's earlier statement, "Let no guilty man escape" rang hollow. [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[William W. Belknap]] was discovered to have taken bribes in exchange for the sale of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[trading post]]s. Grant's acceptance of the resignation of Belknap allowed Belknap, after he was impeached by Congress for his actions, to escape conviction, since he was no longer a government official. Other scandals included the [[Sanborn Incident]] involving Treasury Secretary [[William Adams Richardson]] and his assistant John D. Sanborn. Another was a problem with U.S. Attorney [[Cyrus I. Scofield]]. The [[Crédit Mobilier of America scandal]] also ruined the political career of his first [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], [[Schuyler Colfax]], who was replaced on the Republican ticket in the [[United States presidential election, 1872|1872 election]] with [[Henry Wilson]], who was also involved in the scandal. [[Image:Grants U-J-J.jpg|thumb|left|President Grant with his wife, [[Julia Grant|Julia]], and son, [[Jesse Root Grant|Jesse]], in 1872.]] Although Grant himself did not profit from corruption among his subordinates, he did not take a firm stance against malefactors and failed to react strongly even after their guilt was established. When critics complained, he vigorously attacked them. He was weak in his selection of subordinates, favoring colleagues from the war over those with more practical political experience. He alienated party leaders by giving many posts to his friends and political contributors rather than supporting the party's needs. His failure to establish working political alliances in Congress allowed the scandals to spin out of control. At the conclusion of his second term, Grant wrote to Congress that "Failures have been errors of judgment, not of intent." ===Anti-semitism=== Grant's legacy has been marred by charges of [[anti-Semitism]]. The most frequently cited example is the infamous [[General Order No. 11 (1862)|General Order No. 11]], issued by Grant's headquarters in [[Oxford, Mississippi]], on [[December 17]], [[1862]], during the early [[Vicksburg Campaign]]. The order stated in part: "The Jews, as a class, violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department, and also Department orders, are hereby expelled from the Department (comprising areas of [[Tennessee]], [[Mississippi]], and [[Kentucky]])." The order was rescinded by President Lincoln on January 3, 1863 and issued on January 7, 1863.<ref>{{citation |url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=EkI8AAAAMAAJ&dq=abraham+lincoln+and+the+jews+by+isaac+markens&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=-Stsut-n7h&sig=vndlGlP7n2z5iCydmb3VxqFGlJs |title=Abraham Lincoln and the Jews |first=Isaac |last=Markens |pages=12-13 |date=1909 |publisher=self-published |accessdate=2008-01-09 }}</ref> Grant maintained that he was unaware that a staff officer issued it in his name. Grant's father Jesse Grant was involved; General [[James H. Wilson]] later explained, "There was a mean nasty streak in old Jesse Grant. He was close and greedy. He came down into Tennessee with a Jew trader that he wanted his son to help, and with whom he was going to share the profits. Grant refused to issue a permit and sent the Jew flying, prohibiting Jews from entering the line." Grant, Wilson felt, could not strike back directly at the "lot of relatives who were always trying to use him" and perhaps struck instead at what he maliciously saw as their counterpart — opportunistic traders who were Jewish.<ref>McFeely, p 124.</ref> It has been largely considered as being outside the normal inclinations and character of Grant, but individuals such as [[Bertram Korn]] have suggested that the order was part of a consistent pattern. "This was not the first discriminatory order [Grant] had signed [...] he was firmly convinced of the Jews' guilt and was eager to use any means of ridding himself of them."<ref>Bertram Korn, ''American Jewry and the Civil War,'' p. 143). Korn cites Grant's order of November 9 and 10, 1862, "Refuse all permits to come south of Jackson for the present. ''The Israelites especially should be kept out," and "no Jews are to be permitted to travel on the railroad southward from any point. They may go north and be encouraged in it; but ''they are such an intolerable nuisance that the department must be purged of them." </ref> The issue of anti-Semitism was raised during the 1868 [[U.S. presidential election, 1868|presidential campaign]], and Grant consulted with several Jewish community leaders, all of whom said they were convinced that Order 11 was an anomaly, and he was not an anti-Semite. He maintained good relations with the community throughout his administration, on both political and social levels. ===Administration and Cabinet=== [[Image:Grant-Chase-1873.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Grant's second inauguration as [[President of the United States|President]] by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Salmon P. Chase]] on [[March 4]], [[1873]].]] <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Ulyssessgrant.jpg|thumb|Ulysess S. Grant thumbnail portrait]] --> {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet |align=left |clear=yes |Name=Grant |President=Ulysses S. Grant |President start=1869 |President end=1877 |Vice President=[[Schuyler Colfax]] |Vice President start=1869 |Vice President end=1873 |Vice President 2=[[Henry Wilson]] |Vice President start 2=1873 |Vice President end 2=1875 |Vice President 3=''None'' |Vice President start 3=1875 |Vice President end 3=1877 |State=[[Elihu B. Washburne]] |State date=1869 |State 2=[[Hamilton Fish]] |State start 2=1869 |State end 2=1877 |War=[[John A. Rawlins]] |War date=1869 |War 2=[[William T. Sherman]] |War date 2=1869 |War 3=[[William W. Belknap]] |War start 3=1869 |War end 3=1876 |War 4=[[Alphonso Taft]] |War date 4=1876 |War 5=[[J. Donald Cameron]] |War start 5=1876 |War end 5=1877 |Treasury=[[George S. Boutwell]] |Treasury start=1869 |Treasury end=1873 |Treasury 2=[[William Adams Richardson|William A. Richardson]] |Treasury start 2=1873 |Treasury end 2=1874 |Treasury 3=[[Benjamin Bristow|Benjamin H. Bristow]] |Treasury start 3=1874 |Treasury end 3=1876 |Treasury 4=[[Lot M. Morrill]] |Treasury start 4=1876 |Treasury end 4=1877 |Justice=[[Ebenezer R. Hoar]] |Justice start=1869 |Justice end=1870 |Justice 2=[[Amos T. Akerman]] |Justice start 2=1870 |Justice end 2=1871 |Justice 3=[[George Henry Williams|George H. Williams]] |Justice start 3=1871 |Justice end 3=1875 |Justice 4=[[Edwards Pierrepont]] |Justice start 4=1875 |Justice end 4=1876 |Justice 5=[[Alphonso Taft]] |Justice start 5=1876 |Justice end 5=1877 |Post=[[John A. J. Creswell]] |Post start=1869 |Post end=1874 |Post 2=[[James William Marshall|James W. Marshall]] |Post date 2=1874 |Post 3=[[Marshall Jewell]] |Post start 3=1874 |Post end 3=1876 |Post 4=[[James N. Tyner]] |Post start 4=1876 |Post end 4=1877 |Navy=[[Adolph E. Borie]] |Navy date=1869 |Navy 2=[[George M. Robeson]] |Navy start 2=1869 |Navy end 2=1877 |Interior=[[Jacob D. Cox]] |Interior start=1869 |Interior end=1870 |Interior 2=[[Columbus Delano]] |Interior start 2=1870 |Interior end 2=1875 |Interior 3=[[Zachariah Chandler]] |Interior start 3=1875 |Interior end 3=1877 }} ===Supreme Court appointments=== Grant appointed the following Justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]: *[[Edwin M. Stanton]] &ndash; 1869 (sworn in but died before taking seat) *[[William Strong (judge)|William Strong]] &ndash; 1870 *[[Joseph P. Bradley]] &ndash; 1870 *[[Ward Hunt]] &ndash; 1873 *[[Morrison Remick Waite]] ([[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]]) &ndash; 1874 ===States admitted to the Union=== *[[Colorado]] &ndash; [[August 1]], [[1876]] ===Government agencies instituted=== *[[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] (1870) * Office of the [[United States Solicitor General|Solicitor General]] (1870) * "Advisory Board on Civil Service" (1871); after it expired in 1873, it became the role model for the "Civil Service Commission" instituted in 1883 by President [[Chester A. Arthur]], a Grant faithful. (Today it is known as the [[Office of Personnel Management]].) * Office of the [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General]] (1871) * Army Weather Bureau (currently known as the [[National Weather Service]]) (1870) [[Image:USGrant-standing-postbellum.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Ulysses S. Grant in his postbellum.]] ==Post presidency== ===World Tour 1877-1879=== After the end of his second term in the White House, Grant spent over two years traveling the world with his wife. He visited Ireland, Scotland, and England; the crowds were huge. The Grants dined with [[Queen Victoria]] at [[Windsor Castle]] and with [[Prince Bismarck]] in Germany. They also visited Russia, Egypt, the Holy Land, Siam, and Burma. In Japan, they were cordially received by [[Emperor Meiji]] and [[Empress Shōken]] at the [[Imperial Palace]]. Today in the Shibakoen section of [[Tokyo]], a tree still stands that Grant planted during his stay. In 1879, the [[Meiji period|Meiji]] government of Japan announced the annexation of the [[Ryukyu Islands]]. [[China]] objected, and Grant was asked to arbitrate the matter. He decided that Japan's claim to the islands was stronger and ruled in Japan's favor. That same year, Grant was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Wisconsin Medical School. ===Third Term attempt in 1880=== In 1879, the "[[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]]" faction of the Republican Party led by Senator [[Roscoe Conkling]] sought to nominate Grant for a third term as president. He counted on strong support from the business men, the old soldiers, and the [[Methodist]] church. Publicly Grant said nothing, but privately he wanted the job and encouraged his men.<ref>Hesseltine (2001) pp 432-39 </ref> His popularity was fading however, and while he received more than 300 votes in each of the 36 ballots of the [[Republican National Convention|1880 convention]], the nomination went to [[James A. Garfield]]. Grant campaigned for Garfield, who won by a very narrow margin. Grant supported his Stalwart ally Conkling against Garfield in the terrific battle over patronage in spring 1881 that culminated in Garfield's assassination. ===Bankruptcy=== [[Image:Grant-1885.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Grant writing his memoirs.]] In 1881, Grant purchased a house in [[New York City]] and placed almost all of his financial assets into an investment banking partnership with [[Ferdinand Ward]], as suggested by Grant's son Buck (Ulysses, Jr.), who was having success on [[Wall Street]]. Ward swindled Grant (and other investors who had been encouraged by Grant) in 1884, bankrupted the company, [[Grant & Ward]], and fled. ===Last days=== [[Image:Series2004NoteFront 50.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Grant appears on the [[United States fifty-dollar bill|U.S. $50 bill]].]] Grant learned at the same time that he was suffering from [[Esophageal cancer|throat cancer]]. Grant and his family were left destitute; at the time retired U.S. Presidents were not given [[pension]]s, and Grant had forfeited his military pension when he assumed the office of President. It was not until 1958 that Congress, feeling it inappropriate that a former president or his wife might be poverty-stricken, passed a bill granting a pension to such individuals, a practice that continues to this day. Grant first wrote several articles on his Civil War campaigns for [[The Century Magazine]], which were warmly received. [[Mark Twain]] offered Grant a generous contract for the publication of his memoirs, including 75% of the book's sales as royalties. Terminally ill, Grant finished the book just a few days before his death. The [[Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant|Memoirs]] sold over 300,000 copies, earning the Grant family over $450,000. Twain promoted the book as "the most remarkable work of its kind since the ''Commentaries of [[Julius Caesar]]''," and Grant's memoirs are also regarded by such writers as Matthew Arnold and Gertrude Stein as among the finest ever written. Ulysses S. Grant died at 8:06 a.m. on Thursday, [[July 23]], [[1885]], at the age of 63 in [[Wilton, New York|Mount McGregor]], [[Saratoga County, New York]]. His last word was a request, "Water." His body lies in [[New York City]]'s [[Riverside Park (Manhattan)|Riverside Park]], beside that of his wife, in [[General Grant National Memorial|Grant's Tomb]], the largest [[mausoleum]] in [[North America]]. [[Image:US Grant Statue Vicksburg.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Statue of Grant astride his favorite mount, "Cincinnati", at Vicksburg, Mississippi]] ===In memoriam=== *In [[World War II]], the United States produced a [[tank]] known as the [[Grant tank]] (an upgrade of the American M3 "Lee"). *Grant's portrait appears on the [[U.S. fifty-dollar bill]]. *The [[Ulysses S. Grant Memorial]], located on [[Capitol Hill]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], honors Grant. *[[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]] in [[Chicago]] honors Grant. *Grant Avenue, a nine block long, north-south street in [[the Bronx]], [[New York]], is named after Grant. It is parallel and adjacent to Sherman Avenue. *Dupont Street, the main thoroughfare in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco's]] [[Chinatown, San Francisco, California|Chinatown]], was renamed Grant Avenue in his honor. The famous dragon gate at the entrance to the district is at the corner of Grant and Bush Street. *Grant, depicted riding a horse, is honored by a statue at the intersection of [[Bedford Avenue]], Rogers Avenue and Dean Street in the [[Crown Heights]] neighborhood in [[Brooklyn, N.Y.]] *There is a [[U.S. Grant Bridge]] over the [[Ohio River]] at [[Portsmouth, Ohio]]. *There is a [[U.S. Route 52|U.S. Grant Memorial Highway (US 52)]] in Cincinnati, Ohio. *[[Counties of the United States|Counties]] in twelve [[U.S. state]]s are named after Grant: [[Grant County, Arkansas|Arkansas]], [[Grant County, Kansas|Kansas]], [[Grant County, Minnesota|Minnesota]], [[Grant County, Nebraska|Nebraska]], [[Grant County, New Mexico|New Mexico]], [[Grant County, North Dakota|North Dakota]], [[Grant County, Oklahoma|Oklahoma]], Oregon, South Dakota, [[Grant County, Washington|Washington]], [[Grant County, West Virginia|West Virginia]], and [[Grant Parish, Louisiana]]. Note: Grant Counties in Indiana, Kentucky and Wisconsin were named after other Grants, not Ulysses Grant. [[Image:Monument to Grant.JPG|thumb|left|Monument to Grant on the [[National Mall]]]] ==Ancestry== * Grant was a descendant of [[Mayflower]] passenger [[Richard Warren]]. * Grant is also a descendant from [[John Lothropp]], who is also an ancestor to [[Benjamin Franklin]]. ==Anecdotes from Grant's life== [[Image:Grant statue.jpg|thumb|Grant Memorial Statue in Grant Park, Galena, Illinois. Julia Grant remarked that it was the best likeness of her husband, as his hands were thrust into his pockets.]] * As a young man, Grant's father, Jesse, taught him the trade of tanning. Jesse Grant had been taught how to tan by Owen Brown, the father of known [[abolitionist]] [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]].<ref>Paletta, Lu Ann and Worth, Fred L. (1988). "The World Almanac of Presidential Facts". </ref> * When Grant was promoted to Lieutenant General in 1864, he agreed to sit down for photographer [[Mathew Brady]]. As the sun had begun to set by the time Grant arrived, Brady instructed one of his assistants to open the shades of the skylight in Brady's studio. The assistant slipped and shattered the skylight, causing two-inch-thick shards of glass to rain down around Grant, who had taken his seat as requested. He was unharmed, and showed "the most remarkable display of nerve" that Brady had ever seen.<ref>O'Brien, Cormac (2007). "Secret Lives of the Civil War: What Your Teachers Never Told You About the War Between the States". </ref> * Grant was known to visit the [[Willard Hotel]] to escape the stress of the White House. A long-standing story is that he referred to the people who approached him in the lobby as "those darn lobbyists," implying that he was the source for the term [[lobbyist]]. This story is unlikely to be true since there are examples of the term being used in U.S. and British magazines and newspapers before Grant's presidency.<ref>[http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-lob2.htm World Wide Words].</ref> * While in California, Grant tried selling ice to [[San Francisco]], but failed when it melted in the warm weather aboard the ship.<ref>Smith, ''Grant'', p. 81.</ref>. This anecdote is disputed by Edward G. Longacre in "General Ulysses S. Grant: The Soldier and the Man" (2006) in which he says -- in a referenced statement -- that the ice venture had failed because of "an unexpected glut of [ice] imports from Alaska." * In 1883, Grant was elected the eighth president of the [[National Rifle Association]]. * Grant suffered from [[tone deafness]]. He disliked music intensely and would go out of his way to avoid having to hear any other than patriotic songs. In [[Jeffrey Shaara]]'s ''[[The Last Full Measure]]'' - which is set after the Battle of Gettysburg, the subject of his father [[Michael Shaara|Michael]]'s 1974 bestseller ''[[The Killer Angels]]'' - Grant is portrayed as saying, "I know only two songs. One is ''[[Yankee Doodle]]''. The other isn't." Whether he actually said this is unclear.<ref>Shaara, Jeffrey M. (1998). "The Last Full Measure".</ref> * Grant's wife, [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Julia Grant]], was [[Strabismus|cross-eyed]]. When it was suggested to her that she have an operation to have it corrected, President Grant replied that he liked her that way.<ref>Paletta, Lu Ann and Worth, Fred L. (1988). "The World Almanac of Presidential Facts". </ref> * Grant's favorite brand of [[bourbon whiskey]] was [[Old Crow]]. * Grant enjoyed eating [[cucumbers]] soaked in [[vinegar]] for [[breakfast]].<ref>[http://home.comcast.net/~sharonday7/Presidents/AP0603.htm 6.3. Presidential Lists<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Popular culture references== * An apocryphal story about Grant's drinking has the general's critics going to President Lincoln, charging the military man with being a drunk. Lincoln is supposed to have replied, "I wish some of you would tell me the brand of whiskey that Grant drinks. I would like to send a barrel of it to my other generals." :* A similar story was told of General [[James Wolfe]] during the [[French and Indian Wars]]. When [[King George II]] was told that Wolfe was a "mad dog", he is said to have replied, "Then I'd wish he'd bite the other generals." * The question "Who's buried in Grant's Tomb?" was used by [[Groucho Marx]] in [[You Bet Your Life|his radio and TV quiz show]], the correct answer to which resulted in a consolation prize to contestants who had won no money. Some contestants thought it was a trick question. Grant's grandson, [[Ulysses S. Grant IV]] (a professor of geology at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]]) appeared on the program on March 12, 1953. ** This was also featured on an episode of the 1980s sitcom [[The Golden Girls]], in which in a dream sequence Dorothy competes on Jeopardy against a scholar and her roommate Rose. When asked the question, Dorothy replies Ulysses and is wrong, while Rose replies [[Cary Grant]] and is correct. * In the film ''[[Wild Wild West]]'', President Grant is a minor character that must deal with the Loveless Alliance. Once while in office he was arrested for speeding his horse and buggy and fined $20 and had to walk back to the White House. * A dispute between Grant and his commanding officer [[Henry Wager Halleck]] is the subject of a pivotal question in the film [[Quiz Show]]. ==See also== *[[United States presidential election, 1868]] *[[United States presidential election, 1872]] *[[History of the United States (1865-1918)|History of the United States (1865–1918)]] *[[Western Theater of the American Civil War]] *[[Ulysses S. Grant Memorial]] *[[Ulysses S. Grant Home|U.S. Grant Home, Galena, Illinois]] ==References== {{portalpar|Military of the United States|Naval Jack of the United States.svg|65}} *[[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]], ''Grant Takes Command'', Little, Brown and Company, 1968, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 69-12632. *Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., ''Civil War High Commands'', Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. *[[J. F. C. Fuller|Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C.]], ''Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship'', Indiana University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-253-13400-5. *Garland, Hamlin, ''Ulysses S. Grant: His Life and Character'', Macmillan Company, 1898. *Grant, Ulysses S., [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/4367 ''Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant''], Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885&ndash;86, ISBN 0-914427-67-9. *Hesseltine, William B., ''Ulysses S. Grant: Politician'' 1935. * Lewis, Lloyd, ''Captain Sam Grant'', Little, Brown, and Co., 1950, ISBN 0-316-52348-8. * McFeely, William S., ''Grant: A Biography'', W. W. Norton & Co, 1981, ISBN 0-393-01372-3. *[[James M. McPherson|McPherson, James M.]], ''Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford History of the United States)'', Oxford University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-19-503863-0. * Simpson, Brooks D., ''Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822-1865'', Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-395-65994-9. *[[Jean Edward Smith|Smith, Jean Edward]], ''Grant'', Simon and Shuster, 2001, ISBN 0-684-84927-5. *Woodworth, Steven E., ''Nothing but Victory: The Army of the Tennessee, 1861 &ndash; 1865'', Alfred A. Knopf, 2005, ISBN 0-375-41218-2. *[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/CG&CSA/Grant-US.htm Official Ulysses Simpson Grant biography from the US Army Center for Military History] ==Notes== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== ===Biographical, political=== * Bunting III, Josiah. ''Ulysses S. Grant'' (2004) ISBN 0-8050-6949-6 *[http://www.archive.org/details/americannation22hartrich William Dunning, ''Reconstruction Political and Economic 1865-1877'' (1905), vol 22] * Hesseltine, William B. ''Ulysses S. Grant, Politician'' (2001) ISBN 1-931313-85-7 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/ulysses-s-grant-politician-by-william-b-hesseltine.jsp online edition] * Mantell, Martin E., ''Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction'' (1973) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=89815306 online edition] *[[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]], ''Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration'' (1936) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94934148 online edition] * Rhodes, James Ford., ''History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896.'' Volume: 6 and 7 (1920) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24644891 vol 6] * Scaturro, Frank J., ''President Grant Reconsidered'' (1998). * Schouler, James., ''History of the United States of America: Under the Constitution vol. 7. 1865-1877. The Reconstruction Period'' (1917) [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC15799162&id=p4fAuPxMYPIC&printsec=toc&dq=annual+cyclopedia+1867 online edition] * Simpson, Brooks D., ''Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861-1868'' (1991). * Simpson, Brooks D., ''The Reconstruction Presidents'' (1998) * Skidmore, Max J. "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: a Reconsideration." ''White House Studies'' (2005) [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-141167604.html online] ===Military studies=== * Badeau, Adam. ''Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April, 1861, to April, 1865''. 3 vols. 1882. *Ballard, Michael B., ''Vicksburg, The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi'', University of North Carolina Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8078-2893-9. *[[Ed Bearss|Bearss, Edwin C.]], ''The Vicksburg Campaign'', 3 volumes, Morningside Press, 1991, ISBN 0-89029-308-2. * Carter, Samuel III, ''The Final Fortress: The Campaign for Vicksburg, 1862-1863'' (1980) *[[Bruce Catton|Catton, Bruce]], ''Grant Moves South'', 1960, ISBN 0-316-13207-1; ''Grant Takes Command'', 1968, ISBN 0-316-13210-1; ''U. S. Grant and the American Military Tradition'' (1954) * Cavanaugh, Michael A., and William Marvel, ''The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater: "The Horrid Pit," June 25-August 6, 1864'' (1989) * Conger, A. L. ''The Rise of U.S. Grant'' (1931) * Davis, William C. ''Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg'' (1986). *[[J. F. C. Fuller|Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C.]], ''Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship'', Indiana University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-253-13400-5. * Gott, Kendall D., ''Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry-Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862'', Stackpole Books, 2003, ISBN 0-8117-0049-6. * Korda, Michael. ''Ulysses S. Grant: The Unlikely Hero'' (2004) 161 pp * McWhiney, Grady, ''Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee'' (1995) * McDonough, James Lee, ''Shiloh: In Hell before Night'' (1977). * McDonough, James Lee, ''Chattanooga: A Death Grip on the Confederacy'' (1984). * Maney, R. Wayne, ''Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864'' (1994). * Matter, William D., ''If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania'' (1988) * Miers, Earl Schenck., ''The Web of Victory: Grant at Vicksburg.'' 1955. * Mosier, John., "Grant", Palgrave MacMillan, 2006 ISBN 1-4039-7136-6. * Rhea, Gordon C., ''The Battle of the Wilderness May 5&ndash;6, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8071-1873-7. * Rhea, Gordon C., ''The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7&ndash;12, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8071-2136-3. * Rhea, Gordon C., ''To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13&ndash;25, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8071-2535-0. * Rhea, Gordon C., ''Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 &ndash; June 3, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8071-2803-1. * Miller, J. Michael, ''The North Anna Campaign: "Even to Hell Itself," May 21-26, 1864'' (1989). * Simpson, Brooks D., "Continuous Hammering and Mere Attrition: Lost Cause Critics and the Military Reputation of Ulysses S. Grant," in Cad Gallagher and Alan T. Nolan, eds., ''The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History,'' (2000) * Steere, Edward, ''The Wilderness Campaign'' (1960) * Sword, Wiley, ''Shiloh: Bloody April''. 1974. * Williams, T. Harry, ''McClellan, Sherman and Grant''. 1962. ===Primary sources=== * Grant, Ulysses S. ''Memoirs'' (1885) [http://www.bartleby.com/1011/ online edition] * Grant, Ulysses S. ''Memoirs and Selected Letters'' (Mary Drake McFeely & William S. McFeely, eds.) ([http://www.loa.org The Library of America], 1990) ISBN 978-0-94045058-5 * Wilson, Edmund. '' Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War'' (1962) pp 131-73, on the ''Memoirs'' * Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds., ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War''. 4 vols. New York, 1887-88; essays by leading generals of both sides; [http://ehistory.osu.edu/USCW/library/books/battles/index.cfm online edition] * Porter, Horace, ''Campaigning with Grant'' (1897, reprinted 2000) * Sherman, William Tecumseh, ''Memoirs of General William T. Sherman''. 2 vols. 1875. * Simon, John Y., ed., ''The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant'', Southern Illinois University Press (1967- ) [http://www.siu.edu/~siupress/titles/f99_titles/simon_grant23.htm multivolume complete edition of letters to and from Grant.] As of 2006, vol 1-28 covers through September 1878. ==External links== {{Commons|Ulysses Grant}} {{wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} *[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/grant Extensive essay on Ulysses S. Grant and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs] *[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/grant1.htm First Inaugural Address] *[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/grant2.htm Second Inaugural Address] *[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ug18.html White House Biography] *[http://UlyssessGrant.org Presidential Biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos] *Emerson, Col. John W., [http://www.lib.siu.edu/projects/usgrant/emerson/ ''Grant's Life in the West and His Mississippi Valley Campaigns''], U.S. Grant Association website. *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=411 Ulysses S. Grant] at [[Find A Grave]] *[http://www.empirenet.com/~ulysses/ Many rare General Grant photographs] *[http://www.lib.siu.edu/projects/usgrant/ Complete Bibliography] *[http://www.library.ci.corpus-christi.tx.us/MexicanWar/grantus.htm Military biography of Ulysses S. Grant] [[West Point#Cullum Number|from the Cullum biographies]] *{{gutenberg author| id=Ulysses+S.+Grant | name=Ulysses S. Grant}} *[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/hadams/eha17.html ''The Education of Henry Adams'' by Henry Adams. (1918). "President Grant (1869)", 260-65.] *[http://www.familytales.org/results.php?tla=usg Collection of US Grant Letters] *[http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/american_civil_war/3026221.html Ulysses S. Grant: America's Second Three-Star General] article by Ethan Rafuse *[http://www.nps.gov/ulsg/ Historic White Haven (Grant-Dent home)] *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-126151}} {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-new|rows=2}} {{s-ttl||title=Commander of the [[Army of the Tennessee]]|years=1862 &ndash; 1863}} {{s-aft|rows=3|after=[[William T. Sherman]]}} |- {{s-ttl|title=Commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi|years=1863 &ndash; 1864}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[Henry W. Halleck]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding General of the United States Army]]|years=1864 &ndash; 1869}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Andrew Johnson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=March 4, 1869 &ndash; March 4, 1877}} {{s-aft|after=[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Abraham Lincoln]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party presidential candidate]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1868|1868]], [[U.S. presidential election, 1872|1872]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]}} {{s-hon}} {{s-bef|before=[[Andrew Johnson]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Oldest living United States president|Oldest U.S. President still living]]|years=July 31, 1875 &ndash; July 23, 1885}} {{s-aft|after=[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]}} {{end}} {{USPresidents}} {{USRepPresNominees}} {{Persondata |NAME=Grant, Ulysses S. |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Hiram Ulysses Grant |SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United States|American]] [[soldier]] and [[politician]] who was elected the 18th [[President of the United States]] |DATE OF BIRTH=[[April 27]] [[1822]] |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Point Pleasant, Ohio|Point Pleasant]], [[Clermont County, Ohio]] |DATE OF DEATH=[[July 23]] [[1885]] |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Wilton, New York|Mount McGregor]], [[Saratoga County, New York]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grant, Ulysses S.}} [[Category:Presidents of the United States]] [[Category:American memoirists]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1868]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1872]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1880]] [[Category:Union Army generals]] [[Category:United States Army generals]] [[Category:People of the Mexican-American War]] [[Category:People of Illinois in the American Civil War]] [[Category:People of American Reconstruction]] [[Category:National Rifle Association members]] [[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]] [[Category:People from Ohio]] [[Category:People from Jo Daviess County, Illinois]] [[Category:People from New York City]] [[Category:People from Saratoga County, New York]] [[Category:People from St. Louis County, Missouri]] [[Category:Americans of Scots-Irish descent]] [[Category:Throat cancer deaths]] [[Category:1822 births]] [[Category:1885 deaths]] [[Category:People of Ohio in the American Civil War]] {{Link FA|sh}} [[ang:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[ar:يوليسيس جرانت]] [[bg:Юлисис Грант]] [[bn:ইউলিসিস এস গ্রান্ট]] [[bs:Ulysses Simpson Grant]] [[ca:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[co:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[cs:Ulysses Simpson Grant]] [[cy:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[da:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[de:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[el:Οδυσσεύς Γκραντ]] [[eo:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[es:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[et:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[fa:اولیسس سیمون گرانت]] [[fi:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[fr:Ulysses Simpson Grant]] [[ga:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[gl:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[he:יוליסס סימפסון גרנט]] [[hr:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[hu:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[id:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[io:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[is:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[it:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[ja:ユリシーズ・グラント]] [[ka:ულისე გრანტი]] [[ko:율리시스 그랜트]] [[la:Ulixes S. Grant]] [[lb:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[lv:Uliss Grānts]] [[mr:युलिसिस एस. ग्रँट]] [[ms:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[nl:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[nn:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[no:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[oc:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[pam:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[pl:Ulysses Grant]] [[pt:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[rm:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[ro:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[ru:Грант, Улисс]] [[sh:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[simple:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[sk:Ulysses Simpson Grant]] [[sl:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[sq:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[sr:Јулисиз Симпсон Грант]] [[sv:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[sw:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[tr:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[vi:Ulysses S. Grant]] [[yi:יוליסעס סימפסאן גרענט]] [[zh:尤里西斯·格兰特]]

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