Inquiry Driven Systems : Part 8

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• Contents • Part 1 • Part 2 • Part 3 • Part 4 • Part 5 • Part 6 • Part 7 • Part 8 • Appendices • References • Document History •

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8. Overview of the Domain : Interpretive Inquiry

Interpretive Stance, Initial Theory, Concrete Examples

8.1. Interpretive Bearings : Conceptual and Descriptive Frameworks

In this section I review the conceptual and descriptive frameworks that I will deploy throughout this work. In passing, I explain my overall attitude toward the use of any theoretical outlook (scaffold or catwalk), namely, that it needs to be as flexible and as reflective as possible.

8.1.1. Catwalks : Flexible Frameworks and Peripatetic Categories

In order to have a term that expresses both the conceptual and the descriptive aspects of these perspective standpoints, I have chosen to call them "interpretive frameworks". When analyzed in depth and fully formalized they might be recognized as "theoretical frameworks". But not every manner of intuition (or slant on the world) can survive the reflective process and persist under examination as a viable style of interpretation. And I need a term to underscore the fact that these heuristic frameworks are already in operation, shunting attention and shifting selection on an automatic and informal basis, long before anyone thinks to articulate their axioms in theory or to criticize their biases in action.

The reason I refer to interpretive frameworks rather than "ontologies" is to emphasize that many of the categories listed in these systems are inclusive or overlapping in their scopes. Thus, the circumstance that the same object can be contemplated under several different headings of the framework is not of necessity intended to say anything substantive about the object itself.

The reason I refer to interpretive frameworks rather than "hierarchies", even though I will often settle on a standard sequence for considering the attributes of a contemplated object, is that there is in general no uniquely best order for taking up these properties.

This may seem like a trivial point, taken for granted by everyone as a part of understanding the use of language, but it serves to highlight an important issue, one still lacking in universal agreement.

I will say that a logical distinction is "interpretive" to mean that it depends on the choice of an interpreter to determine how anything is classified with respect to it. This does not mean that every option of consideration will always be found equally fitting, but only that it is possible to contemplate the alternatives in a form of mental experiment.

As much as possible I will try to exploit the available degrees of interpretive freedom to view all conceptual and descriptive distinctions as being in relation to a framework of interpretation. For ease of discussion, if not for any more substantive reason, interpretive frameworks are often depicted as enacted by interpretive agents or embodied by interpretive communities, all of which conditions of practice can be summed up in a parametric reference to a single "interpreter".

8.1.1.1. Eponymous Ancestors : The Precursors of Abstraction?

As one application of the flexible attitude just proposed, consider the following issue.

An important problem in the evolution or development of intelligence is the question how genuine concepts (categorical abstractions and hypothetical constructions) can be derived from particular percepts. The gap between individual acquaintance and comprehensive description always seems too vast to explain how incipient minds can vault it with any sense of security.

In formal language theory, this distinction corresponds to the difference between "terminal" and "non terminal" symbols in a formal grammar. That is, it signifies the contrast between lexical items with narrowly defined extensions and atomic instances as opposed to grammatical categories with infinite extensions and complex constituencies. Asking the question in this setting: How does a burgeoning language facility make the transition from finite state grammars, where terminals yield handles on non terminal symbols that obviate the need for a parser to backtrack, to higher level grammars, where a strategy of hypothetical trial and error is inevitable?

One way of visualizing a continuity in this transformation is by supposing that the potential to serve as an abstract sign is already available to interpreters in the flexible use of concrete signs. This suggests that generative categories and genuine hypotheses may arise by degrees in a gradual turning of phrases from fixed meanings to functional roles. Thus, authentic concepts can be derived from the interpretive recycling of individual names and nominal idioms into paradigmatic and schematic senses.

Peripatetically speaking, this illustrates a way that fledgling interpreters might pace themselves itself through the steps of this jump (the leap of abstraction) and trace a smooth progress over the intervening space: first, let them reposition discrete names in paradigmatic and schematic senses; then, allow them enough sense to recapture terminal and formulaic stereotypes as newly productive archetypes.

8.1.1.2. Reticles : Interpretive Flexibility as a Design Issue

As separate objects and independent constructs in and of themselves, interpretive frameworks are like the templates that observers impose on the scenes viewed through a reticle. Outside the slim chance of a pre-established harmony among them, there is no guarantee that the forms of intuition permitted by these instruments are essentially designed to fit the objects surveyed. Any notion of the world is a compromise between the specious and the factitious and yet supplies the mind with its only available grasp on reality.

The artifactual nature of the mind's handle on things is a commonplace observation of most philosophies, but there is a job here that remains to be carried out. Descriptively, the task that falls to this project is to consider how computational models of interpretive systems can be designed to take this factor into explicit account. Instrumentally, it is a design goal of this project to reflect this aspect of interpretive frameworks in the implementation of their supporting software, and thus to recognize and incorporate a feature in the artifact that seems unavoidable in the natural case.

Later, in making use of formal calculi, I will propose that the distinction between constants and variables can be treated as interpretive and need not be a fixture of the syntactic specification. This means it will be part of the meaning that is left up to the interpreter which symbols have fixed interpretations and which are taken as surrogates for a variety of substitutions.

8.1.2. Heuristic Inclinations and Regulative Principles

This discussion involves itself in a relationship with objective systems, linguistic and mathematical signs and descriptions, and a broad span of mental bearings that range through the following list: sensations and impressions, percepts and intensions, concepts and ideas, affects and irritations, actions and impulses, purposes and intentions.

8.2. Features of Inquiry Driven Systems

I have described inquiry as a process of determination that takes an agent from a state of uncertainty to a state of relative certainty or increased information, of a kind and to a degree sufficient for action, ...

I am operating on the assumption that / If inquiry is a process of determination that leads from uncertainty to the kind of certainty, sufficient for action, that an agent experiences as a state of belief or knowledge, then I need to say something about / articulate / examine the underlying epistemology, the implicit theory of knowledge and belief, that I employ / is employed in this project.

... then I need to say something about the kind of certainty that can be the goal of inquiry, and how I intend to use words like "belief" and "knowledge" in this discussion / understand concepts like belief and knowledge.

I do not believe I know of any difference in my immediate experience between belief and knowledge. To be more precise, I do not think I can tell a difference/ I detect no difference, from any quality present in the moment of experience itself, between an experience of believing something to be true and an experience of knowing something to be true. I do not think that, by itself, any agent can tell a difference between what it believes and what it knows.

By myself, I do not see how I can draw a distinction / tell a difference between what I believe and what I know. The distinction posed between them is not essential, but serves rhetorical and statistical functions, as a measure of intensity and commonality.

To say I "know" something is true is to mean that I really believe it. To say that someone else "knows" something is to say that the other believes the same as oneself.

Within the moment / I believe momentary experience has no quality in itself that distinguishes/ In the moment of experience /

The distinction made between belief and knowledge serves a largely / is partly rhetorical and partly statistical. The word "knowledge" operates as an intensifier, to say that one "really" believes something and to measure / as a modifier to indicate the intensity of belief or the measure of commonality / shared belief across a community/ to say that one has checked a belief by various means, verified it with others, including one's recollective former and preconceivable future selves, and found it to be a widely shared belief across this group.

There is nothing about the experience itself that distinguishes a state of belief from a state of knowledge. The distinction of knowledge serves as an intensifier, to say that one "really" believes something, or as a statistical function, to say that one has checked this belief by various means, with others, including one's past future selves.

For my purposes, I can see no difference present in the quality of the state itself between an agent "believing" a sign (expression or indicator) to be true and the same agent "knowing" the sign to be true.

If there is a difference between belief and knowledge, then it must have something to do with the way that one state of experience can refer to other states of experience outside of itself. In other words, it has to do with global and relational properties of the manifold of experience, and with the possibility that information about these constraints can be reflected and articulated within the individual moments of the manifold itself.

Thus, the distinction of "knowledge" is not essential or phenomenal, but incidental and epiphenomenal. That is, it has to do with the way that relations between basic levels of phenomena can reflect themselves within/ The way I use these words is not perjorative, but taxonomic. It neither diminishes the reality of epiphenomenal features and accidental attributes nor excuses me from the task of analyzing the geometry of their incidence/ but merely classifies / and does not diminish the importance of epiphenomena or the reality of accidental events ...

For my purposes, I can see no difference in the state itself between an agent believing a sign (statement or indicator) to be true and that agent knowing that sign to be true.

The intention of this section is to discuss in some detail two examples of inquiry driven systems that have already been implemented in the form of computer programs.

The goal of this section is to present in concrete detail significant examples of two different kinds of inquiry driven system which have already been implemented in the form of computer programs.

In this section I describe two examples of inquiry driven systems that have already been implemented as computer programs. The basic terms of description are taken from the pragmatic theory of signs, which I introduce as briefly as possible.

In this section I describe two examples of inquiry driven systems that have already been implemented as computer programs. The description is cast within the pragmatic theory of signs, which I review briefly and only to the extent necessary for discussing the examples.

8.2.1. The Pragmatic Theory of Signs

The treatment of inquiry to be developed in this project makes constant use of a philosophical perspective on thinking and communication known as the "pragmatic theory of signs". The subject matter of the theory of signs is a class of three place relations called "sign relations". These relations can be understood as set theoretic objects, as sets of ordered triples, and it is often useful in building concrete intuitions to consider elementary examples of this sort. But the sign relations of ultimate interest have infinite extensions and extremely complex internal structures.

Thus it develops that significant examples of sign relations are typically described and analyzed indirectly, by referring to a postulated agent that enacts or embodies the three place transactions involved in a particular case. The agent of sign relation is commonly called an "interpreter", who is variously said to partake in, embody, enact, compute, implement, execute, or carry out the sign relation in question. This brand of personification and its idioms serve a narrative function, supplying the observer in theory with an identifiable character and a point of view that reflects incidental variations in attitude toward the subject, but their purpose at heart remains one and the the same, which is merely to indicate or convey a particular sign relation.

Because inquiry systems will be described as special types of sign relations, inquiry driven systems and inquiry agents will be treated respectively as sign relations and interpreters that enjoy certain types of additional features.

Viewed within the pragmatic theory of signs, inquiry driven systems come at the end of a chain of incremental specification and increasing specialization. Starting from the bare conception of a triadic relation, notions of determination and correspondence are added to obtain the definition of a sign relation. To the static form of a sign relation, a notion of dynamic change is added to reach the idea of a sign process. To the aimless flow of a sign process, a notion of value is added that gives the succession of signs a motive, a direction, and a goal. Altogether, a system with non trivial values specified for each of these attributes constitutes an inquiry driven system.

What I just gave is a convenient order for taking up the attributes of an inquiry driven system. There is nothing unique about this approach, in particular, it is often useful to consider the dimension of value before discussing the dynamics of change. The most important thing about this list of properties is that it makes it possible to discuss the extent to which the changes of the system are in accord with the values of the system. A major part of the work remaining in this project is concerned with analyzing these global attributes into more detailed features, examining their relationships to one another, and ultimately translating their potential qualities into operational terms.

In this description inquiry driven systems are viewed as special cases of sign systems, those to which a notion of value has been added, by which a particular interpreter distinguishes what it considers to be better and worse signs of a given object.

This is a comparative dimension along which a particular interpreter distinguishes / recognizes better and worse signs of a given object, and differentially measures the quality of messages that otherwise have exactly the same meaning / along which a interpreting agent assesses a measure of quality among expressions, a comparative dimension of better and worse representations / signs of an object to a particular interpreter has been added, a comparative dimension of better and worse representation.

8.4. Discussion and Development of Objectives

8.4.3. Objective 1c : Interpretation and Authority

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• Contents • Part 1 • Part 2 • Part 3 • Part 4 • Part 5 • Part 6 • Part 7 • Part 8 • Appendices • References • Document History •

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